Diagnosing schistosomiasis: where are we?

Gomes, Luciana I.; Enk, Martin Johannes; Rabello, Ana

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0231-2013

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Species-specific diagnosis of schistosomiasis has been achieved using immunoblotting procedures with an adult worm microsomal extract and other schistosomal antigens (98,104,105). Many of the antibody detection tests have been validated in large-scale field trials, some mediated by the WHO (102,106,107). We describe here the different methods used for antibody detection for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.…”

Section: Antibody Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

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Section: Antibody Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

et al. 2015

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“…The circulating antibody test is a common approach for the large-scale survey of schistosomiasis. There are also methods to detect short-lived antibody response (Wang et al 2013) and other universal methods of detecting antibody, including indirect hemagglutination (IHA), circumoval precipitin test (COPT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immune chromatography; however, these methods cannot distinguish active infection from historic infection, and they also have high cross-reaction rate with other parasites; therefore, their results cannot be used as diagnostic evidence of active infection by Schistosoma (Gomes et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of enolase as an indication of active infection of Schistosoma japonicum

et al. 2015

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Schistosomiasis is a common zoonoses affecting humans. The atypical clinical symptoms, low morbidity, and low degree of infection impede diagnosis and assessment of epidemics. Detecting circulating antigens from adult worms in patients' body fluids should be diagnostically superior to examining eggs in feces. Herein, the excretory-secretory proteins of adult worms were analyzed by using 2-D protein electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The Schistosoma japonicum enolase (Sj enolase) was identified as the most abundant excretory-secretory antigen. Purified recombinant Sj enolase was prepared, and specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were raised against it. A sandwich enzymelinked immunoassay (sandwich ELISA) was established that used the monoclonal antibody as a capture antibody and the polyclonal antibody as a detection antibody. The linear detection range was 0.7-1000 ng/ml (minimum 700 pg/ml). Sj enolase could be detected in the sera of infected rabbits and disappeared rapidly postpraziquantel treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of this sandwich ELISA to detect field serum samples of schistosomiasis were 84.61 and 95.83 %, respectively. The cross-reaction rates for clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis were 3.33 and 5 %, respectively. This ELISA assay was used to test 45 matching sera of schistosomiasis patients before treatment and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months posttreatment. Among the sera, 88.89 % were positive before treatment. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postpraziquantel treatment, 93.33, 97.78, 100, and 100 % tested negative, respectively. Therefore, Sj enolase can be used to indicate active Schistosoma infection, and detecting serum Sj enolase is important for diagnosis and evaluating treatment effect.

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“…However, cancer diagnostics increasingly rely on molecular markers to differentiate distinct types, while diagnostic developments in parasitic infections are aimed toward increasing sensitivity and species identification. In this issue of the Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical/ Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, Gomes et al 11 have provided a fine review of schistosomiasis diagnostics. Molecular tools for nucleic acid detection promise to deliver much needed improvements in sensitivity and specificity and serve as an example of the application of a new set of molecular tools.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cancer and parasitic infections: similarities and opportunities for the development of new control tools

Oliveira

2014

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Lifestyle similarities between parasites and cancer have inspired parasitologists to use approaches analogous to those used in oncology and to explore the interface between these fields. The similarities have not escaped the notice of oncologists. Cancer may be thought of as a developing species that behaves in a manner akin to parasites 1 . Both are autonomous and not subjected to regular signaling mechanisms, although they make use of signals and resources for their own benefit. In parasitology, research approaches inspired or enabled by cancer research have been used in the design of new antiparasitic drugs. For example, in schistosomiasis, imatinib, a drug used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), has been found to produce a substantial effect on parasite physiology in vitro 2 . Examples of the use of kinases as drug targets can also be found in the literature for malaria and leishmaniasis, among others. Parasitic kinomes are also of interest, as kinases are key transducers of environmental signals and trigger physiological adaptations in the parasite. As both parasites and cancer capture environmental signals to modulate adaptations, the study of kinases is relevant for our understanding of host parasite/cancer interactions. Histonemodifying enzymes (HMEs) have also been intensively studied for drug development in cancer and parasitic diseases [3][4][5] . HMEs regulate epigenetic modifications of chromatin (reviewed 6 ).Epigenetic modifications mediate sequence-independent transcriptional regulation. Such modifications include DNA methylation or the alteration of histone proteins in a particular region. Histone modifications such as methylation or acetylation alter heterochromatin status, thereby regulating genes in the region. HMEs, specifically histone deacetylases (HDACs), are good antiparasitic targets; the drug suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibits parasite enzymatic activity. Active compounds have been developed to target the histone deacetylases of Plasmodium sp., Schistosoma mansoni, and other species 7,8 . A compound named SB939, a pan-HDAC inhibitor acting on class I, II, and IV HDACs, was found to inhibit asexual growth of Plasmodium in human erythrocytes and exoerythrocytic-stage parasites in human hepatocytes 7 . A structure-based approach was used to develop several small molecule inhibitors of the S. mansoni enzyme smHDA8 8 (Figure 1), thus reducing parasite survival. Recently, a consortium was established to develop

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Diagnosing schistosomiasis: where are we?

Cited by 39 publications

References 95 publications

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis

Assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of enolase as an indication of active infection of Schistosoma japonicum

Cancer and parasitic infections: similarities and opportunities for the development of new control tools

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