Diagnosing Nutritional Status of Containerized Tree Seedlings: Comparative Plant Analyses

Timmer, V. R.; Armstrong, G.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100040048x

Cited by 58 publications

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“…A certain "oN' might, for example, imply either N-deficiency or N-sufficiency (e.g. Timmer & Armstrong, 1987). Thus, *'oN could sometimes be argued to be of no more value than 5^^N, apart from the fact that in the case of °oN we can base our interpretations on a much larger body of experimental and empiricial evidence.…”

Section: Concli:sioxs and Suggestions For Future Rese\rchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

1997

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summary Equilibrium and kinetic isotope fractionations during incomplete reactions result in minute differences in the ratio between the two stable X isotopes, 15N and 14N, in various N pools. In ecosystems such variations (usually expressed in per mil [δ15N] deviations from the standard atmospheric N2) depend on isotopic signatures of inputs and outputs, the input‐output balance, N transformations and their specific isotope effects, and compartmentation of N within the system. Products along a sequence of reactions, e.g. the N mineralization‐N uptake pathway, should, if fractionation factors were equal for the different reactions, become progressively depleted. However, fractionation factors van. For example, because nitrification discriminates against 15N in the substrate more than does N mineralization, NH4+can become isotopically heavier than the organic N from which it is derived. Levels of isotopic enrichment depend dynamically on the stoichiometry of reactions, as well as on specific abiotic and biotic conditions. Thus, the δ15N of a specific N pool is not a constant, and 15N of a N compound added to the system is not a conservative, unchanging tracer. This fact, together with analytical problems of measuring 15N in small and dynamic pools of N in the soil‐plant system, and the complexity of the X cycle itself (for instance the abundance of reversible reactions), limit the possibilities of making inferences based on observations of 15N abundance in one or a few pools of N in a system. Nevertheless, measurements of δ15N might offer the advantage of giving insights into the N cycle without disturbing the system by adding 15N tracer. Such attempts require, however, that the complex factors affecting 15N in plants be taken into account, viz. (i) the source(s) of N (soil, precipitation, NOX, NH3, N2‐fixation), (ii) the depth(s) in soil from which N is taken up, (iii) the form(s) of soil‐N used (organic N, NH4+, NO3−), (iv) influences of mycorrhizal symbioses and fractionations during and after N uptake by plants, and (v) interactions between these factors and plant phenology. Because of this complexity, data on δ15N can only be used alone when certain requirements are met, e.g. when a clearly discrete N source in terms of amount and isotopic signature is studied. For example, it is recommended that N in non‐N2‐fixing species should differ more than 5% from N derived by N2‐fixation, and that several non‐N2‐fixing references are used, when data on δ15N are used to estimate Na‐fixation in poorly described ecosystems. As well as giving information on N source effects, δ15N can give insights into N cycle rates. For example, high levels of N deposition onto previously N‐limited systems leads to increased nitrification, which produces 15N‐enriched NH4 and N‐depleted NO3. As many forest plants prefer NH4−they become enriched in 15N in such circumstances. This change in plant 15N will subsequently also occur in the soil surface horizon after litter‐fall, and might be a useful indicator of N saturation, especially since ...

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Section: Concli:sioxs and Suggestions For Future Rese\rchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

1997

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“…The approach offers comprehensive and accurate diagnostic information and facilitates detection of nutritional effects of growth dilution, deficiency, luxury uptake, toxicity and nutrient interactions that tend to complicate conventional diagnostic techniques (Timmer and Armstrong 1987;Imo and Timmer 1997). Plant growth and nutritional response data for vector analysis can be manipulated in two modes: (1) an instantaneous mode that compares plant samples taken at one point in time to identify different nutritional states (Salifu and Timmer 2003), and (2) a dynamic mode that compares treatments over time to identify steady-state nutrition Timmer 1992, 1997), and retranslocation processes (Salifu and Timmer 2001).…”

Section: Vector Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

An exponential fertilization dose–response model to promote restoration of the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex

et al. 2015

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Nursery nitrogen (N) fertilization influences seedling N reserves, morphology, photosynthesis rate and stress tolerance and frequently enhances outplanting performance. Although mineral nutrition is a critical aspect of seedling quality, fertility targets of Mediterranean sclerophylous species have not been thoroughly quantified. We sought to define those fertility targets for seedlings of Quercus ilex, a key species in Mediterranean areas. Nine fertility treatments, ranging from 0 to 200 mg N seedling -1 applied under an exponential regime were tested in a greenhouse dose response trial in which phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were increased in the same proportion as N (15N:5P:15K). Height and diameter growth were measured weekly, and biomass and nutritional status were analyzed at the end of culture (24 week). Plant growth and nutritional response to increased fertilization followed a curvilinear pattern depicting phases that ranged from deficiency to luxury consumption. Seedling dry mass production was maximized at 125 mg N seedling -1 (sufficiency level). N content and concentration increased with fertilization, reaching a maximum at 200 mg N seedling -1 (luxury consumption). P and K concentrations peaked at 75 and 25 mg N, respectively, suggesting a dilution effect of these nutrients. Root volume increased linearly up to 100 mg N and declined thereafter. The sufficiency level for Q. ilex (125 mg of applied N seedling -1 ) is notably higher than for other Quercus species from other biomes but intermediate to other Mediterranean Quercus species. No toxicity was observed at the highest treatment rate (200 mg N) suggesting that increased exponential N rates along with greater P and K proportions than those used in our experiment may further maximize nutrient storage.

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“…The approach offers comprehensive and accurate diagnostic information and facilitates detection of nutritional effects of growth dilution, deficiency, luxury uptake, toxicity and nutrient interactions that tend to complicate conventional diagnostic techniques [21,46]. Plant growth and nutritional response data for vector analysis can be manipulated in two modes: (i) an instantaneous mode that compares plant samples taken at one point in time to identify different nutritional states [38], and (ii) a dynamic mode that compares treatments over time to identify steady-state nutrition [20,21], and retranslocation processes [36].…”

Section: Vector Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture ofQuercus rubraseedlings

Salifu

Jacobs

2006

Ann. For. Sci.

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-We quantified and characterized fertility targets for nursery culture of container northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. Plants were supplied with a 15N-5P 2 O 5 -15K 2 O fertilizer at eight rates ranging from 0-150 mg N plant -1 and reared for 18 wk in a greenhouse. Plant growth and nutritional response to increased fertilization followed a curvilinear pattern depicting phases that ranged from deficiency to toxicity. Seedling dry mass production was maximized at sufficiency (25 mg N plant -1 season -1 ) while optimum N and P uptake occurred at 100 mg N plant -1 season -1 . The 150 mg N plant -1 seasonal dose rate induced N and P toxicity, but resulted in antagonistic K interaction. Nutrient loading raised plant N and P contents by 27 and 55%. This new approach demonstrates promise to help refine fertility targets for nursery production of Q. rubra planting stock and may have application to other hardwood species or cultural systems.antagonistic interaction / exponential fertilization / growth / luxury uptake / northern red oak / vector diagnosis Résumé -Caractérisation des objectifs de fertilité et des interactions multiéléments chez des semis de Quercus rubra cultivés en pépinière. Des objectifs de fertilité ont été quantifiés et caractérisés pour des semis de chêne rouge d'Amérique (Quercus rubra L.) cultivés en pépinière. Les semis ont été alimentés avec un engrais 15N-5P2O5-15K2O selon huit taux de 0-150 mg N plant -1 et ont poussés pendant 18 semaines dans une serre. La croissance des semis, leur réponse nutritionnelle à un accroissement de la fertilisation a suivi un modèle curvilinéaire décrivant des phases rangées depuis la carence jusqu'à la toxicité. La production en matière sèche des semis a été maximale à la dose suffisante correspondant à 25 mg N plant -1 saison -1 , tandis que l'optimum de consommation s'est situé à 100 mg N plant -1 saison -1 . La dose saisonnière de 150 mg N plant -1 a induit une toxicité N et P, mais il en est résulté une interaction antagoniste avec K. Le prélèvement de nutriments par les plants a augmenté le contenu en N et P de 27 % et 55 %. Cette nouvelle approche démontre la possibilité d'espérer perfectionner les objectifs de fertilité pour une production en pépinière de plants de Quercus rubra et peuvent avoir une application pour d'autres espèces feuillues et d'autres systèmes culturaux. interaction antagoniste / fertilisation exponentielle / croissance / consommation de luxe / chêne rouge / vecteur diagnose

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Diagnosing Nutritional Status of Containerized Tree Seedlings: Comparative Plant Analyses

Cited by 58 publications

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Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

An exponential fertilization dose–response model to promote restoration of the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex

Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture ofQuercus rubraseedlings

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Diagnosing Nutritional Status of Containerized Tree Seedlings: Comparative Plant Analyses

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Tansley Review No. 9515N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

Tansley Review No. 9515N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

An exponential fertilization dose–response model to promote restoration of the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex

Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture ofQuercus rubraseedlings

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Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems

Tansley Review No. 95¹⁵N natural abundance in soil‐plant systems