Diagnosing iron deficiency: Controversies and novel metrics

Rusch, Jody A.; van der Westhuizen, Diederick J.; Gill, Robert S.; Louw, Vernon J.

doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2023.11.001

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…28,29 Iron in various forms may be present in the bloodstream, not just ferritin-bound, further challenging accurate assessment. 30 Rapid blood-plasma separation technology, coupled with simultaneous plasma sensing, marks a significant leap in diagnostics, offering efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility. 31 This innovative approach enables real-time biomarker analysis, which is vital in urgent care scenarios.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum/plasma ferritin tests offer another option but require biochemistry autoanalyzers or ELISA, limiting their use where resources are scarce. Additionally, ferritin levels can be influenced by inflammation, complicating interpretation. , Iron in various forms may be present in the bloodstream, not just ferritin-bound, further challenging accurate assessment …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Maikap,

Roy,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Deviations in iron levels in human blood beyond normal physiological thresholds can signify more than just iron deficiency anemia; they may also indicate serious conditions such as hemochromatosis, acute iron poisoning, active cirrhosis, or hepatitis, necessitating precise estimation of iron levels in vulnerable individuals. While bone-marrow-based detection is considered the gold standard, its procedural complexity makes it impractical. Thus, there is a critical need for alternative methods, particularly in resource-limited settings. Addressing these challenges, we introduce a paper-microfluidics integrated fast cyclic voltammetry kit capable of on-site plasma separation and simultaneous iron detection. This approach employs a single scanning rate of approximately 200 V/s across a nanomaterial-coated screen-printed electrode. The redoxactive manganese component of the nanomaterial enables rapid peak determination due to its variable oxidation states and high redox potential. Moreover, the nanomaterial-coated electrode coupled to the porous architecture of the paper matrix enhances electron transfer rates, resulting in amplified cathodic currents. The sensor exhibits high selectivity, with cyclic voltammetry demonstrating a noticeable reduction in redox potential (approximately −0.8 V) and a high limit of detection. For a reference iron concentration of 27 μmol/L, the sensor generates a current of about 110 μA with minimal background noise. It boasts a rapid response time of 0.1 s (yielding an overall sample-to-answer detection time of around 2 min) and a sensitivity of 0.3 μg/dl, making it suitable for rapid point-of-care diagnostics. Furthermore, this approach offers broader applicability beyond iron detection, providing a platform for the highly sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of various target analytes in blood plasma without requiring complex device architecture or external fields.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Maikap,

Roy,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review from a Clinical Perspective

Obianeli,

Afifi,

Stanworth

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Anaemia in pregnancy is a global problem of significance in all settings. The most common cause is iron deficiency. Large numbers of women are affected, ranging up to 25–30% antenatally and 20–40% postnatally. It is associated with serious adverse outcomes for both the mother and her baby. The risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, postpartum haemorrhage, stillbirth, and neonatal death are all increased in the presence of anaemia. For the infants of affected pregnancies, complications may include neurocognitive impairment. Making an accurate diagnosis during pregnancy has its challenges, which include the choice of thresholds of haemoglobin below which a diagnosis of anaemia in each trimester of pregnancy can be made and, aligned with this question, which are the most appropriate biomarkers to use to define iron deficiency. Treatment with oral iron supplements increases the haemoglobin concentration and corrects iron deficiency. But high numbers of women fail to respond, probably due to poor adherence to medication, resulting from side effects. This has resulted in an increased use of more expensive intravenous iron. Doubts remain about the optimal regimen to of oral iron for use (daily, alternate days, or some other frequency) and the cost-effectiveness of intravenous iron. There is interest in strategies for prevention but these have yet to be proven clinically safe and effective.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia among Sanitation Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

Yadav,

Jain,

Gupta

et al. 2024

Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth

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Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been the main cause of the health burden in India over the past decade. The aim of the present study was to examine the iron status and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia using biochemical markers among sanitation workers working at a tertiary healthcare center. Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 80 sanitation workers for a period of 18 months (age 31–40 years). Dietary intake patterns were collected through the structured questionnaires. Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count, serum iron level and unsaturated iron binding capacity, and ferritin. Total iron binding capacity and percentage transferrin saturation were calculated. Stool samples were screened for intestinal helminthic ova and cysts of intestinal protozoa. Results: Of the 80 sanitation workers, IDA was found in 38.7%; out of this, mild anemia was found in 16 (20%) participants, while 11.3% and 7.5% participants had moderate and severe anemia, respectively. Higher plasma sTfR levels were observed in women with severe iron depletion than in those with iron sufficiency (median 17.6 versus 15.5 nmol/L; P = 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation was found. Hemoglobin was positively correlated with white blood cells, red blood cells, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Conclusion: This study highlights the presence of mild IDA among sanitary workers and lower levels of iron intake than the recommended dietary allowance.

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Diagnosing iron deficiency: Controversies and novel metrics

Cited by 4 publications

References 92 publications

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review from a Clinical Perspective

Iron Deficiency Anemia among Sanitation Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

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Diagnosing iron deficiency: Controversies and novel metrics

Cited by 4 publications

References 92 publications

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn3O4 Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn3O4 Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review from a Clinical Perspective

Iron Deficiency Anemia among Sanitation Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study

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Product

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Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels

Paper Strips Functionalized with a Mixture of ZnO Nanotubes and Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Separation of Blood Plasma and Detection of Physiological Iron Levels