Diagnosing corrosion problems through differentiation of metal fractions

Cantor, Abigail F.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07569.x

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the case of Madison, Wis., the utility and homeowners worked together for several years to fully replace the lead service lines in every home in their service area (Corley 2016). High lead levels were found in a number of samples four years after all of the lead pipes were replaced in Madison, Wis. (Cantor 2006), suggesting that even after all the lead pipes are replaced, it may take years for the lead levels in Flint to reach a point at which the concentrations of all samples are below the action level. Clearly there is much to be done before the water crisis in Flint is over.…”

Section: So What Went Wrong In Flint?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flint Water Crisis: What Happened and Why?

2016

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Section: So What Went Wrong In Flint?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flint Water Crisis: What Happened and Why?

2016

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“…Still, it was surprising that elevated lead could persist for so long after full LSL removal. The erratic lead concentrations were attributed to particulate (and not dissolved) lead in water, suggesting that particulate matter had accumulated in the premise plumbing and was dislodging into the water even after LSL replacement (Cantor, 2006a, 2004).…”

Section: Madison's Lcr Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of pipe deposits to Lead and Copper Rule compliance

Schock¹,

Cantor

Triantafyllidou³

et al. 2014

Journal AWWA

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When Madison, Wis., exceeded the lead action level in 1992, residential and off‐line tests suggested that lead release into the water was more complex than a lead solubility mechanism. Scale analyses (color and texture as well as mineralogical and elemental composition) of five excavated lead service lines (LSLs) revealed that accumulation of manganese (and iron) onto pipe walls had implications for lead corrosion by providing a high‐capacity sink for lead. Manganese that accumulated from source well water onto pipe scales (up to 10% by weight of scale composition) served to capture and eventually transport lead to consumer taps. In addition, manganese sometimes obstructed the predominance of an insoluble (and thus potentially protective) plattnerite [Pb(IV) solid] scale layer. Full LSL replacement in Madison achieved Lead and Copper Rule compliance and a major reduction in lead contamination and exposure, supplemented by unidirectional flushing of water mains and manganese control in the source well water.

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“…Lead consumption can pose severe health risk to the public by impairing human nervous, digestive, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and urinary systems. , Before 1986, lead pipes were used as service lines for water supply to connect buildings to water mains . Lead can be released into drinking water from lead pipes and scales of lead-containing corrosion products on the pipes, lead-bearing brass, copper/lead solder joints, and galvanized iron pipes. − For lead corrosion control, an action level of 15 μg/L was set by the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) for the total lead concentration in water systems serving more than 50 000 people…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems

Zhao

Giammar

Pasteris

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Phosphate is commonly added to drinking water to inhibit lead release from lead service lines and lead-containing materials in premise plumbing. Phosphate addition promotes the formation of lead phosphate particles, and their aggregation behaviors may affect their transport in pipes. Here, lead phosphate formation and aggregation were studied under varied aqueous conditions typical of water supply systems. Under high aqueous PO 4 /Pb molar ratios (>1), phosphate adsorption made the particles more negatively charged. Therefore, enhanced stability of lead phosphate particles was observed, suggesting that although addition of excess phosphate can lower the dissolved lead concentrations in tap water, it may increase concentrations of particulate lead. Adsorption of divalent cations (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) onto lead phosphate particles neutralized their negative surface charges and promoted their aggregation at pH 7, indicating that phosphate addition for lead immobilization may be more efficient in harder waters. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM, ≥ 0.05 mg C/L humic acid and ≥ 0.5 mg C/L fulvic acid) retarded particle aggregation at pH 7. Consequently, removal of organic carbon during water treatment to lower the formation of disinfection-byproducts (DBPs) may have the additional benefit of minimizing the mobility of lead-containing particles. This study provided insight into fundamental mechanisms controlling lead phosphate aggregation. Such understanding is helpful to understand the observed trends of total lead in water after phosphate addition in both field and pilot-scale lead pipe studies. Also, it can help optimize lead immobilization by better controlling the water chemistry during phosphate addition.

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Diagnosing corrosion problems through differentiation of metal fractions

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Flint Water Crisis: What Happened and Why?

Flint Water Crisis: What Happened and Why?

Importance of pipe deposits to Lead and Copper Rule compliance

Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems

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