Diabetic retinopathy assessed by fundus photography in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM

Abstract

In a population‐based epidemiological study, 991 Pima Indians with non‐insulin‐dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 288 without diabetes aged ≥15 years were examined for retinopathy by fundus photography with a 45° fundus camera after mydriasis. The photographs were graded using a modified Airlie‐House classification scheme. The associations of several factors with retinopathy were studied by logistic regression. Non‐proliferative retinopathy was present in 11.2 % (19/169) subjects at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and in 8.3 % (4/48) in newly diagnosed subjects who had a documented non‐diabetic oral glucose tolerance test within 4 years prior to diagnosis of diabetes. The prevalence of retinopathy in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance was 12 % (8/68). Retinopathy at the time of diagnosis of diabetes was significantly associated with lower body mass index and higher systolic blood pressure but not glycaemia. Retinopathy was present in 375 (37.8 %) diabetic subjects and 14 (5.2 %) non‐diabetic subjects. Among all subjects with diabetes (duration 0–37 years), stepwise multivariate analysis showed non‐proliferative retinopathy to be associated with duration of diabetes, mean blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, treatment with insulin and albuminuria. Proliferative retinopathy was seen in 34 (2.7 %) of diabetic and none of the non‐diabetic subjects, and was associated with 2 h post‐load glucose concentrations, as well as albuminuria, insulin treatment, younger age, and diastolic blood pressure. These data confirm the need for fundus examination at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and during long‐term follow‐up. Albuminuria and blood pressure are potentially modifiable risk factors and the impact of treating these on incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy need to be assessed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Genome-Wide Linkage Analyses to Identify Loci for Diabetic Retinopathy

“…There are also reports of differences in prevalence of retinopathy according to ethnicity, with a higher prevalence reported among Mexican Americans (41.3%) and non-Hispanic blacks (30.4%) than in non-Hispanic whites (15.5%) at a diabetes duration of 5-14 years (34). Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among Pima Indians is estimated at 37.8% with a mean duration of diabetes of 9 years (35). The prevalence in this study is somewhat lower (25.5%).…”

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Chongqing pre-diabetes patients

“…However, doing this might also make our population seem healthier than those of other studies, and accordingly weaken the comparability between our study and other similar studies. 12,26 Third, we could not research all possible risk factors including gender, 14,15 duration of pre-diabetes, and hyperglycemia-related inflammatory factors SDF-1a, ICAM-1, and MCP-1. 7 Therefore, perhaps we have missed some potential risk factors.…”

Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: a systematic review

“…25,45,52,60,61,[65][66][67]69,70,124,126,141,146,164 Of these, only five were comparative studies between ethnic groups. 52,65,67,69,70 One study reported a similar prevalence in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, 52 whereas the remaining four reported differences between blacks, whites, Mexicans, and Hispanics.…”