Diabetic Preretinal Membranes

Topographic relationship between glial cells and neovessels of the epiretinal membrane in proliferative diabetic retinopathy depends on the phase of angiogenesis

“…It has been previously shown that fibrovascular membranes in patients with PDR may contain a significant number of GFAP-positive cells ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Oberstein et al, 2011 ). Several authors have suggested that GC proliferation plays a major role in ERM formation in retinal diseases, including PDR ( Bringmann and Wiedemann, 2009 ; Romaniuk et al, 2013 ).…”

“…However, GCs represent only one of the many cellular components of ERMs ( Heidenkummer and Kampik, 1992 ; Hiscott et al, 1984 ), and their numbers are often relatively low compared to the total cell population ( Guidry, 2005 ). Moreover, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that GCs are not consistently found in all surgical specimens of ERMs ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ; Sramek et al, 1989 ). Notably, some studies reported that GFAP-immunoreactive cells were either not clearly detected in any of the ERMs containing neovessels ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Snead et al, 2008 ) or their percentage relative to other cells types was minimal (= 5%) ( Kwak et al, 1991 ).…”

“…Some authors suggested that GCs and their extracellular matrix may serve as a basis for neovessel growth ( Nork et al, 1987 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ). However, other findings indicate that collagen and fibronectin/laminin form a basement membrane-like structure that supports neovascular tissue formation ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Jerdan et al, 1986 ). Thus, there is still no clear consensus on the role of glia in vascular development in PDR, opposite to what was shown in embryonic retinal angiogenesis ( Chan-Ling et al, 2004 ; Dorrell et al, 2002 ; Fruttiger, 2002 ; Provis, 2001 ; Stone and Dreher, 1987 ).…”

Topographic relationship between glial cells and neovessels of the epiretinal membrane in proliferative diabetic retinopathy depends on the phase of angiogenesis

“…It has been previously shown that fibrovascular membranes in patients with PDR may contain a significant number of GFAP-positive cells ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Oberstein et al, 2011 ). Several authors have suggested that GC proliferation plays a major role in ERM formation in retinal diseases, including PDR ( Bringmann and Wiedemann, 2009 ; Romaniuk et al, 2013 ).…”

“…However, GCs represent only one of the many cellular components of ERMs ( Heidenkummer and Kampik, 1992 ; Hiscott et al, 1984 ), and their numbers are often relatively low compared to the total cell population ( Guidry, 2005 ). Moreover, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that GCs are not consistently found in all surgical specimens of ERMs ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ; Sramek et al, 1989 ). Notably, some studies reported that GFAP-immunoreactive cells were either not clearly detected in any of the ERMs containing neovessels ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Snead et al, 2008 ) or their percentage relative to other cells types was minimal (= 5%) ( Kwak et al, 1991 ).…”

“…Some authors suggested that GCs and their extracellular matrix may serve as a basis for neovessel growth ( Nork et al, 1987 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ). However, other findings indicate that collagen and fibronectin/laminin form a basement membrane-like structure that supports neovascular tissue formation ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Jerdan et al, 1986 ). Thus, there is still no clear consensus on the role of glia in vascular development in PDR, opposite to what was shown in embryonic retinal angiogenesis ( Chan-Ling et al, 2004 ; Dorrell et al, 2002 ; Fruttiger, 2002 ; Provis, 2001 ; Stone and Dreher, 1987 ).…”

Three-Dimensional Model of Angiogenesis: Coculture of Human Retinal Cells with Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells in the NASA Bioreactor

“…Vascular endothelial cells growth factor is thought to play a key role in ischemia associated retinopathies. [58][59][60][61][62] In addition, angiogenic factors secreted by retinal cells, RPE cells, and ECs include PDGF, VEGF, bFGF, TGF-b, and so on, and their expression is modulated by hypoxia. [48][49][50][51][52][53]62 RPE is known also to secrete a factor that inhibits angiogenesis.…”

“…A variety of growth factors such as bFGF, PDGF, VEGF, and TGF-b have been implicated in neovascularization. [58][59][60][61][62] Several lines of evidence indicate that VEGF plays a major role in mediating active intraocular neovascularization in patients with ischemic retinal dis- ease. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is upregulated by hypoxia and levels are increased [48][49][50][51][52][58][59][60][61] in the retina and vitreous of patients.…”

Topographic relationship between glial cells and neovessels of the epiretinal membrane in proliferative diabetic retinopathy depends on the phase of angiogenesis

“…It has been previously shown that fibrovascular membranes in patients with PDR may contain a significant number of GFAP-positive cells ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Oberstein et al, 2011 ). Several authors have suggested that GC proliferation plays a major role in ERM formation in retinal diseases, including PDR ( Bringmann and Wiedemann, 2009 ; Romaniuk et al, 2013 ).…”

“…However, GCs represent only one of the many cellular components of ERMs ( Heidenkummer and Kampik, 1992 ; Hiscott et al, 1984 ), and their numbers are often relatively low compared to the total cell population ( Guidry, 2005 ). Moreover, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that GCs are not consistently found in all surgical specimens of ERMs ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ; Sramek et al, 1989 ). Notably, some studies reported that GFAP-immunoreactive cells were either not clearly detected in any of the ERMs containing neovessels ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Snead et al, 2008 ) or their percentage relative to other cells types was minimal (= 5%) ( Kwak et al, 1991 ).…”

“…Some authors suggested that GCs and their extracellular matrix may serve as a basis for neovessel growth ( Nork et al, 1987 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ). However, other findings indicate that collagen and fibronectin/laminin form a basement membrane-like structure that supports neovascular tissue formation ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Jerdan et al, 1986 ). Thus, there is still no clear consensus on the role of glia in vascular development in PDR, opposite to what was shown in embryonic retinal angiogenesis ( Chan-Ling et al, 2004 ; Dorrell et al, 2002 ; Fruttiger, 2002 ; Provis, 2001 ; Stone and Dreher, 1987 ).…”

Three-Dimensional Model of Angiogenesis: Coculture of Human Retinal Cells with Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells in the NASA Bioreactor

“…Vascular endothelial cells growth factor is thought to play a key role in ischemia associated retinopathies. [58][59][60][61][62] In addition, angiogenic factors secreted by retinal cells, RPE cells, and ECs include PDGF, VEGF, bFGF, TGF-b, and so on, and their expression is modulated by hypoxia. [48][49][50][51][52][53]62 RPE is known also to secrete a factor that inhibits angiogenesis.…”

“…A variety of growth factors such as bFGF, PDGF, VEGF, and TGF-b have been implicated in neovascularization. [58][59][60][61][62] Several lines of evidence indicate that VEGF plays a major role in mediating active intraocular neovascularization in patients with ischemic retinal dis- ease. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is upregulated by hypoxia and levels are increased [48][49][50][51][52][58][59][60][61] in the retina and vitreous of patients.…”

Topographic relationship between glial cells and neovessels of the epiretinal membrane in proliferative diabetic retinopathy depends on the phase of angiogenesis

“…It has been previously shown that fibrovascular membranes in patients with PDR may contain a significant number of GFAP-positive cells ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Oberstein et al, 2011 ). Several authors have suggested that GC proliferation plays a major role in ERM formation in retinal diseases, including PDR ( Bringmann and Wiedemann, 2009 ; Romaniuk et al, 2013 ).…”

“…However, GCs represent only one of the many cellular components of ERMs ( Heidenkummer and Kampik, 1992 ; Hiscott et al, 1984 ), and their numbers are often relatively low compared to the total cell population ( Guidry, 2005 ). Moreover, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that GCs are not consistently found in all surgical specimens of ERMs ( Jerdan et al, 1986 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ; Sramek et al, 1989 ). Notably, some studies reported that GFAP-immunoreactive cells were either not clearly detected in any of the ERMs containing neovessels ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Snead et al, 2008 ) or their percentage relative to other cells types was minimal (= 5%) ( Kwak et al, 1991 ).…”

“…Some authors suggested that GCs and their extracellular matrix may serve as a basis for neovessel growth ( Nork et al, 1987 ; Ohira and de Juan, 1990 ). However, other findings indicate that collagen and fibronectin/laminin form a basement membrane-like structure that supports neovascular tissue formation ( Hosoda et al, 1992 ; Jerdan et al, 1986 ). Thus, there is still no clear consensus on the role of glia in vascular development in PDR, opposite to what was shown in embryonic retinal angiogenesis ( Chan-Ling et al, 2004 ; Dorrell et al, 2002 ; Fruttiger, 2002 ; Provis, 2001 ; Stone and Dreher, 1987 ).…”

Three-Dimensional Model of Angiogenesis: Coculture of Human Retinal Cells with Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells in the NASA Bioreactor

“…Vascular endothelial cells growth factor is thought to play a key role in ischemia associated retinopathies. [58][59][60][61][62] In addition, angiogenic factors secreted by retinal cells, RPE cells, and ECs include PDGF, VEGF, bFGF, TGF-b, and so on, and their expression is modulated by hypoxia. [48][49][50][51][52][53]62 RPE is known also to secrete a factor that inhibits angiogenesis.…”

“…A variety of growth factors such as bFGF, PDGF, VEGF, and TGF-b have been implicated in neovascularization. [58][59][60][61][62] Several lines of evidence indicate that VEGF plays a major role in mediating active intraocular neovascularization in patients with ischemic retinal dis- ease. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor is upregulated by hypoxia and levels are increased [48][49][50][51][52][58][59][60][61] in the retina and vitreous of patients.…”