Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review

Abstract

Diabetic foot problems are common throughout the world, resulting in major medical, social and economic consequences for the patients, their families, and society. Foot ulcers are more likely to be of neuropathic origin, and therefore eminently preventable. People at greatest risk of ulceration can easily be identified by careful clinical examination of the feet: education and frequent follow-up. Infection when complicates a foot ulcer, combination can be limb or life-threatening, and infection is defined clinically, but wound cultures assist in identifying the causative pathogens. Tissue specimens are strongly preferred to wound swabs for wound cultures. Antimicrobial therapy should be guided by culture results, and although such therapy may cure the infection, it does not heal the wound. Alleviation of the mechanical load on ulcers (offloading) should always be a part of treatment. Plantar neuropathic ulcers typically heal in 6 weeks with irremovable casting, because pressure at the ulcer site is mitigated and compliance is enforced. The success of other approaches to offloading similarly depends on the patients' adherence to the effectiveness of pressure relief.

Correlation of HDL cholesterol serum and Wagner’s severity level of diabetic foot ulcers

“…This suggests that the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers occurs in the fifth and sixth decades. 7,9 The age group with the most diabetic foot ulcers was age over 60 years (45.9%) followed by age 50-59 years (35.2%) and the lowest at 40-49 years old (18.9%), this is also explained by Zubair et al (2015), that the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers increases with age over 40 years. 1 In a study conducted by Manda et al, there was also a distribution of diabetic foot ulcers found in more than 75 percent aged 30 to 60 years, and the highest number at age 50-59 years (42.5%).…”

“…7,9 The age group with the most diabetic foot ulcers was age over 60 years (45.9%) followed by age 50-59 years (35.2%) and the lowest at 40-49 years old (18.9%), this is also explained by Zubair et al (2015), that the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers increases with age over 40 years. 1 In a study conducted by Manda et al, there was also a distribution of diabetic foot ulcers found in more than 75 percent aged 30 to 60 years, and the highest number at age 50-59 years (42.5%). 9 Description of the minimum value of GDP, GD2JPP and HbA1c still shows normal levels, this indicates that diabetic foot ulcers have been treated in DM disease control efforts, but the average grade is still high wherein GDP 180.95 (SD 71.4) mg/dl, 2 hours PP blood sugar with a mean value of 263.14 (SD 100.43) mg/dl, and HbA1c with a mean grade of 8.13 (SD 1.96).…”

“…This is by research conducted by Zubair et al (2015), which states that in developing countries, the majority of DM patients are at the age of 45 to 64 years. 1 Manda et al's study, also stated that the mean age studied was 54.7 + 10.2 years, while the study of Ikura et al, age studied had an average value of 62 (SD 14) years. This suggests that the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers occurs in the fifth and sixth decades.…”

“…Zubair et al study, suggesting that an increase in HbA1c value would cause a risk of diabetic foot ulcers, Singh et al, also suggests that DM has several complications and one of the most troubling is the occurrence of diabetic foot ulcers. 1,11 HDL cholesterol levels have an average grade of 29.4 (SD 9.76), indicating that the mean HDL cholesterol level is below 40 mg/dl. This suggests that the treatment of dyslipidemia, especially HDL cholesterol in diabetic foot ulcers is not optimal, and may not even be done.…”

Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review

“…The prevalence of 6.1 percent in individuals aged above 40 years was unexpectedly high at that time for rural area with low socio-economic status and decreased health awareness. [11] …”