Diabetes reduces the cognitive function with the decrease of the visual perception and visual motor integration in male older adults

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of diabetes on cognitive decline between the diabetes and non- diabetes patients and identified the associations between diabetes and cognitive function, visual perception (VP), and visual motor integration (VMI). Sixty elderly men (67.10± 1.65 yr) with and without diabetes (n= 30 in each group) who were surveyed by interview and questionnaire in South Korea were enrolled in this study. The score of Mini-Mental State Examination of Korean version (MMSE-KC), Motor-free Visual Perception Test-Vertical Format (MVPT-V), and Visual-Motor Integration 3rd Revision (VMI-3R) were assessed in all of the participants to evaluate cognitive function, VP, and VMI in each. The score of MMSE-KC in the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the non-diabetes group (P< 0.01). Participants in the diabetes group also had lower MVPT-V and VMI-3R scores than those in the non-diabetes group (P< 0.01, respectively). Especially, the scores of figure-ground and visual memory among the subcategories of MVPT-V were significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group (P< 0.01). These findings indicate that the decline in cognitive function in individuals with diabetes may be greater than that in non-diabetics. In addition, the cognitive decline in older adults with diabetes might be associated with the decrease of VP and VMI. In conclusion, we propose that VP and VMI will be helpful to monitor the change of cognitive function in older adults with diabetes as part of the routine management of diabetes-induced cognitive declines.

Relationships of exercise with frailty, depression, and cognitive function in older women

“…With regard to suitable types of exercise, the ACSM recommends aerobic exercise, such as walking, hiking, or strength training, and mental and physical exercise, such as tai chi or balancing exercises. Additionally, Yun et al (2013) reported that it is more effective to engage in low-intensity exercise for a long period than it is to engage in high-intensity exercise. Conversely, Kim and Kim (2003) reported that high-intensity exercise is effective; therefore, there may be differences in exercise effects for older women depending on the intensity of the exercise.…”

Development of visual-motor integration scale for the Korean old people

“…As a result of previous studies, VMI has been suggested as an effective instrument for measuring intellectual ability, language ability, various brain abnormalities ( Belmont and Belmont, 1980 ). In addition to that, it has been suggested for cognitive function of the old people ( Hall et al, 1996 ) and the old people diabetic patients ( Yun et al, 2013 ). However, few studies have been applied VMI to detect cognitive function of the old people so far ( Yun et al, 2013 ).…”

“…In addition to that, it has been suggested for cognitive function of the old people ( Hall et al, 1996 ) and the old people diabetic patients ( Yun et al, 2013 ). However, few studies have been applied VMI to detect cognitive function of the old people so far ( Yun et al, 2013 ). This is because there is currently no proven VMI evaluation tool available in the field although it is effective in predicting changes in cognitive function of the old people.…”

Visual-motor integration scale for Korean elderly (VMIS-KE) is an effective indicator for cognitive changes in diabetic older adults

“…Visual-motor integration (VMI) is a vision-related cognitive function that is a degree of coordination between visual perception and finger-hand movements ( Bolk et al, 2018 ). The Beery VMI is a valuable measure from children ( Bolk et al, 2018 ) to older adults and can be an early indicator of cognitive decline ( Yun et al, 2013 ). However, it strongly focused on childhood academic achievement ( Osorio-Valencia et al, 2018 ).…”