Diabetes Mellitus in a Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severa)

Pilny, Anthony A.; Luong, Richard

doi:10.1647/2004-021.1

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Clinical signs associated with diabetes mellitus in birds are similar to those observed in mammals [16][17][18] ; polyuria and polydipsia appear to be consistent findings, 3,6,9,[12][13][14][15]19 and weight loss and polyphagia are encountered in more than 50% of reported cases. 3,6,9,[12][13][14] In most reported cases, clinical signs were observed for at least 2 weeks before presentation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Diabetes Mellitus in a Nanday Conure (Nandayus nenday)

Desmarchelier

Langlois²

2008

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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A 3-year-old male nanday conure (Nandayus nenday) was presented with acute lethargy, polyuria, and polydipsia. Marked persistent hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria were also noted. The serum insulin concentration (< 3 microU/ml) was lower than reference ranges described for other psittacine birds. Initial treatment included insulin, antibiotics, and supportive care. Insulin therapy was adjusted based on results of serial blood glucose curves. Histopathologic examination of pancreatic biopsy samples revealed normal exocrine pancreatic tissue with rare lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates and absence of pancreatic islets, suggesting atrophy of endocrine pancreatic tissue. Resolution of clinical signs and a normalized blood glucose curve were obtained after administration of long-acting insulin (0.3 IU/kg IM AM and 0.25 IU/kg IM PM). One month after initial presentation, the conure was admitted for severe dyspnea and lethargy and died despite supportive care. Histopathologic examination of the pancreas revealed nearly total depletion of the endocrine pancreas with moderate lymphoplasmocytic pancreatitis. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the remaining pancreatic islets was negative for the presence of insulin and positive for glucagon. Results of polymerase chain reaction tests for Chlamydophila psittaci performed on tissues from the liver, spleen, and lung were negative. Transmission electron microscopy did not demonstrate viruses. Clinical and pathological findings observed in this case are consistent with insulin-dependant type 1 diabetes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Diabetes Mellitus in a Nanday Conure (Nandayus nenday)

Desmarchelier

Langlois²

2008

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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“…I am not aware of any other studies which have empirically evaluated association between blood concentrations of haemoglobin and glucose in wild-living avian species, although several case reports have confirmed concurrent symptoms of hyperglycaemia and ineffective haematopoiesis in captive birds (e.g. Pilny and Loung 2005). In general, birds as a class maintain higher glucose concentrations than other vertebrates of similar body mass (Braun and Sweazea 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High glucose concentrations are associated with symptoms of mild anaemia in Whiskered Terns: consequences for assessing physiological quality in birds

Minias

2014

J Ornithol

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Although blood concentrations of glucose and haemoglobin are known to correlate with nutritional state of individuals, hyperglycaemic states in vertebrates are often linked to anaemia. A negative relationship between blood concentrations of glucose and haemoglobin was confirmed in a wild population of Whiskered Terns Chlidonias hybrida. Also, terns with higher haemoglobin concentrations initiated laying earlier and had clutches with larger eggs, while blood glucose concentrations of individuals were not associated with the timing of laying and egg size. This implies that blood haemoglobin concentration may be considered a much more robust indicator of physiological quality than glucose concentrations in the Whiskered Tern, and possibly in other waterbirds.

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“…A search of the Veterinary Information Network (2006) shows that three more cases of persistent hyperglycaemia have been reported in military macaws *a surprising finding considering the small number of cases reported in large psittacines. An additional case of DM in a chestnut-fronted macaw has been recently reported (Pilny & Luong, 2005). Histological findings from that bird included moderate hepatic haemosiderosis; however, lymphocytic pancreatitis and vacuolation of islet cells were also present, suggesting type I DM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…However, other authors report failure to control avian DM with NPH insulin (Pilny & Luong, 2005). The authors have attempted to treat a diabetic African grey parrot with human recombinant NPH insulin, with no apparent response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes mellitus concurrent with hepatic haemosiderosis in two macaws (Ara severa, Ara militaris)

Gancz

Wellehan

Boutette³

et al. 2007

Avian Pathology

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Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in a 5-year-old male chestnut-fronted macaw (Ara severa) and an 8-year-old female Military macaw (Ara militaris) based on persistent hyperglycaemia and glucosuria. Hepatic biopsies showed marked hepatic haemosiderosis, while pancreatic biopsies showed no inflammatory lesions. Repeatable and titratable responses to bovine or porcine protamine zinc insulin were recorded in both patients, who were followed up for more than 2 years. In addition, ironelimination therapy was initiated by chelation or phlebotomy, and the birds' diet was changed to lowiron content pellets. Both birds responded favourably to this therapy, showing a decreased demand for extrinsic insulin. Follow-up biopsies demonstrated marked reduction in hepatic haemosiderin. Plasma fructosamine and b-hydroxybutyric acid levels were measured periodically in both birds and compared with euglycaemic psittacines. Both tests appeared useful for monitoring treatment success. The potential association between diabetes mellitus and excessive iron storage in birds should be further investigated.

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Diabetes Mellitus in a Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severa)

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Diabetes Mellitus in a Nanday Conure (Nandayus nenday)

Diabetes Mellitus in a Nanday Conure (Nandayus nenday)

High glucose concentrations are associated with symptoms of mild anaemia in Whiskered Terns: consequences for assessing physiological quality in birds

Diabetes mellitus concurrent with hepatic haemosiderosis in two macaws (Ara severa, Ara militaris)

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