Diabetes Mellitus and Male Aging: Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Andropause or male menopause is defined as androgen decline and onset of hypogonadism in the aging male. Testosterone deficiency in adult male is associated with diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Type 2 diabetic male patients aged above 30 years showed low testosterone levels which is common in diabetic men and had symptoms of hypogonadism. Male sexual dysfunction among diabetic patients can include disorders of libido, ejaculatory problems, and erectile dysfunctions are common among people with diabetes, particularly in older men who had diabetes for years. Older diabetics tend to have both impaired insulin release as well as insulin resistance. There is growing evidence indicating the pathophysiological connections among the mechanisms of oxidative damage by disruption of the oxidative balance, increased levels of enzymatic glycation products in testicular region and glucose transporters, obesity and proinflammatory cytokines in male infertile patients with diabetes. Epidemiological studies suggest that many clinical findings in diabetics are linked to low testosterone levels. This article reviews pathophysiological mechanisms, observational studies, and clinical implications of testosterone therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Efonidipine Exerts Cerebroprotective Effect by Down-regulation of TGF-β/SMAD-2-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Rats

“…Cerebral ischemia in diabetics activates polyol pathway causing excessive calcium influx accompanying strong oxidative damage by the end products of lipid peroxidation ending up with diabetic coma and/or death (Misir et al 2016). High blood sugar level promotes glycation of LDL particle which makes it to accumulate into the blood and promotes atherosclerosis the major risk factor of cardiovascular arrest and stroke (Gonzalez-Reyes et al 2016;Putta et al 2017;Yaribeygi et al 2019a, b, c, d). This effect is opposed by calcium channel blockers.…”

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“…Medical Epidemics [41][42][43][44] Pathology Physiology Physical Life-style [45][46][47][48] Obesity Pharmacology Drug utility [41][42][43][44] Drug choice/dosing Drug toxicity…”

Patient’s care and nursery in different diseases

“…In summary, different types of nursery play key roles in clinical trials, especially chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS treatments, 9 mental diseases, [10][11][12][13] bone disorders, [14][15][16][17] metabolic diseases, [18][19][20][21][22][23] cancers 24,25 and so on.…”