Diabetes Mellitus and Autoimmunity in Patients with the Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Ginsberg‐Fellner, Fredda; Witt, Mary Ellyn; Fedun, Barbara; Taub, Floyd; Dobersen, Michael J.; McEvoy, Robert; Cooper, Louis Z.; Notkins, Abner Louis; Rubinstein, Pablo

doi:10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s170

Cited by 132 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 22% compared with a background prevalence in that age group of 13.1% [31]. In summary, this cohort study found a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and two cases suggestive of latent autoimmune [33]. Some of the latter, unexpectedly, showed distinctly elevated insulin levels during the OGTT [7], a finding also described but not commented on in an earlier series [20].…”

Section: Case Seriessupporting

confidence: 45%

“…The observations that ∼20% of patients with the syndrome carry islet cell surface antibodies [33], and that ∼30% have insulin autoantibodies [7], are uninterpretable owing to the unreliability of the assays used [40]. A more recent analysis of 37 patients, one of whom had diabetes, found no evidence of ICA, IAA, GADA or IA-2A [40], although one of the Japanese patients reported in Table 1 had GADA and IA-2A, and another had GADA alone [29].…”

Section: Autoimmunity and Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes?

Gale

2008

Diabetologia

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Section: Case Seriessupporting

confidence: 45%

Section: Autoimmunity and Congenital Rubellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes?

Gale

2008

Diabetologia

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“…So we consider that the children and adolescents described by L. Cooper and colleagues following the 1964-1965 outbreak in New York, 6% of whom had type 1-like diabetes, are more likely than not to be representative of the rate of type 1 disease in CR in most Western communities [13].…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It seems to us that this association of CR with type 1 diabetes was not a chance one, and that CR promoted both autoimmune type 1 diabetes and type 2 disease, in view of the CR syndrome's association with autoimmune thyroiditis [14], the 'late-onset' pulmonary and skin disease described in infants by W. Marshall and colleagues [9], the lymphocytic infiltration seen in infant pancreas at autopsy [15] and, in some individuals, the detection of pancreatic islet cell antibodies (even if the detection of these antibodies is no longer considered a reliable test) and IAAs [11,12,13]. Perhaps this immunopathology was superimposed on the likely low intrauterine complement of potentially functioning islet and, in some instances, other endocrine cells.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital rubella and diabetes mellitus

Burgess

Forrest

2008

Diabetologia

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“…Evidence for viral involvement is particularly strong. For example, congenital rubella infection is associated with a dramatically increased risk of autoimmune diabetes [23]. Similarly, recent studies have shown higher frequencies of antibodies towards Coxsackie B enteroviruses in prediabetic children [24] and in mothers of such children at time of delivery [25], as well as temporal association between appearance of antiviral antibodies and diabetes-associated autoantibodies [26].…”

Section: Evidence For a Genetic Basis: Family And Twin Studies Of Typmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic linkage and association studies of Type I diabetes: challenges and rewards

Field

2002

Diabetologia

104

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Type I diabetes (formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. It is now known that Type I diabetes is a genetically complex disease, i. e. a disease caused by multiple genes interacting with non-genetic (environmental and stochastic) factors. Family studies have clearly shown a genetic basis but inheritance of the disease does not follow a simple mendelian single-locus pattern. Population and family studies also suggest that most (perhaps all) affected individuals are genetically predisposed to Type I diabetes, particularly through HLA region genes. However, non-genetic factors appear to be required to precipitate the disease in these genetically susceptible persons because in monozygote (MZ) twin pairs in which one twin has Type I diabetes the MZ twin concordance rate is less than 100 %. It is not clear whether there are any purely genetic cases of Type I Diabetologia (2002) AbstractFamily and twin studies have shown clearly that Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus has a genetic basis. However, only within the past decade has it been possible to systematically attempt to identify the genes that increase susceptibility to this disorder using linkage and association analysis of genetic markers distributed across the genome. More than 20 putative diabetes-predisposing genes have been localised in addition to HLA region susceptibility genes detected more than 25 years ago. Unfortunately, the effects of most diabetes-predisposing genes are weak, with the exception of HLA region susceptibility genes (which contribute about half of the genetic risk). The overall effects of diabetes-predisposing genes could be weak because the susceptibility gene occurs in only a small proportion of diabetic patients or the susceptibility gene (although it might be common) produces only a modest increase in risk, probably by acting in concert with other such genes to cause disease. The weak effects of these genes have made them difficult to locate, difficult to confirm in independent studies and difficult to isolate by genetic procedures. This paper summarizes the major challenges that have faced geneticists in mapping Type I diabetes genes, and reviews the progress achieved to date. The rewards of the genetic studies will be twofold: increased understanding of the causes of Type I diabetes, facilitating creation of preventative therapies, and enabling clinicians in the future to use genetic information to predict which children are predisposed to diabetes in order to target them for preventative therapies. [Diabetologia (2002) 45: 21±35]

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Diabetes Mellitus and Autoimmunity in Patients with the Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Cited by 132 publications

References 34 publications

Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes?

Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes?

Congenital rubella and diabetes mellitus

Genetic linkage and association studies of Type I diabetes: challenges and rewards

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