Diabetes Increases Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Permanent Pacemaker: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

Abstract

Background. Type 2 diabetes was associated with a higher risk for permanent pacemaker (PPM) treatment. The difference in cardiovascular outcomes between patients with and without diabetes receiving PPM treatment remains unexplored. Method. Between January 2003 and December 2017, 1742 patients receiving naïve PPM treatment comprised this retrospective cohort study and were categorized into two groups by the diagnosis of diabetes: group with diabetes ( n = 632 , 36.3%) and group without diabetes ( n = 1110 , 63.7%). The primary outcome was cardiovascular events including heart failure (HF) hospitalization and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The secondary outcomes of this study included pacemaker infection, pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular accident, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to reduce selection bias between the study groups. Result. During a mean follow-up period of 7.8 ± 4.8 years, 264 patients had a cardiovascular event. Before PSM, the incidence of cardiovascular events was higher in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes (19.8% vs. 12.5%, P < 0.001 ), and the incidences of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality were all higher in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes. After PSM, the incidence of cardiovascular events was higher in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes (18.8% vs. 12.3%, P = 0.015 ). The incidence of HF hospitalization was higher in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes (15.3% vs. 10.2%, P = 0.037 ), whereas the incidence of AMI did not differ between the two groups. Moreover, after PSM, patients with diabetes had higher cumulative incidences of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy and all-cause mortality compared to patients without diabetes. Conclusions. The prevalence of diabetes was over one-third of naïve PPM recipients of this cohort, and diabetes increased the risk of cardiovascular events in PPM recipients, especially for HF hospitalization.

Hospitalization for permanent pacemaker implantation in the context of isolated sinus node dysfunction is associated with increased mortality compared with an outpatient strategy

“…Diabetes was a significant risk factor for 30‐day mortality but not 1‐year mortality suggesting that it increases the risk of acute rather than chronic complications. The role of diabetes as a risk factor in mortality following PPM implant has been previously noted 17 …”

“…The role of diabetes as a risk factor in mortality following PPM implant has been previously noted. 17 SND itself cannot be a direct cause of the increased long-term mortality in the hospitalized population post-PPM as it has been definitively treated. Furthermore, syncope, an advanced symptom of SND, was not associated with higher mortality.…”

Current knowledge for the risk factors of early permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement and what is next for the primary prevention?

“…In addition, type 2 diabetes and insulin use were found with an association with late overall mortality (5-10 years) in patients with AS receiving surgical aortic valve replacement (HRs: 1.39 and 1.76, respectively)[ 10 ]. Furthermore, those with type 2 diabetes has been found with a 1.56-fold higher risk of PPM implantation as compared to those free of type 2 diabetes[ 11 ], and those with diabetes after PPM implantation had a greater risk of cardiovascular events[ 12 ]. Based on current evidence, the finding for diabetes mellitus as a risk factor of PPM implantation following TAVR for patients with severe AS in this study[ 1 ] was reasonable to explain the higher risk of incident HF hospitalization and nonfatal MI events.…”