Diabetes in China: Epidemiology and Genetic Risk Factors and Their Clinical Utility in Personalized Medication

Abstract

The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has rapidly increased over recent decades, and T2D has become a leading public health challenge in China. Compared with European descents, Chinese patients with T2D are diagnosed at a relatively young age and low BMI. A better understanding of the factors contributing to the diabetes epidemic is crucial for determining future prevention and intervention programs. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors contribute substantially to the development of T2D. To date, more than 100 susceptibility loci for T2D have been identified. Individually, most T2D genetic variants have a small effect size (10-20% increased risk for T2D per risk allele); however, a genetic risk score that combines multiple T2D loci could be used to predict the risk of T2D and to identify individuals who are at a high risk. Furthermore, individualized antidiabetes treatment should be a top priority to prevent complications and mortality. In this article, we review the epidemiological trends and recent progress in the understanding of T2D genetic etiology and further discuss personalized medicine involved in the treatment of T2D.

Association between blood microbiome and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nested case‐control study

“…Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects more than 440 million individuals worldwide. In China, the prevalence of T2DM has been reported to be 10.9%, with 35.7% of the population having abnormal glucose homeostasis . In addition to the metabolic‐related factors, smoking, drinking, and inherited genetic factors are considered to be significantly associated with T2DM development.…”

“…In addition to the metabolic‐related factors, smoking, drinking, and inherited genetic factors are considered to be significantly associated with T2DM development. However, these factors only partially explain the pathogenesis of the disease . Therefore, there is a need to improve the scientific knowledge about the causes of T2DM and to provide more guidance for the disease prevention and control.…”

Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system

“…The National Diabetes Statistics report, 2017 (http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf) estimates that as of 2015, 30.3 million people in the US have diabetes (T1D or T2D), with 23.1 million being diagnosed and 7.2 million being undiagnosed; ~90% to 95% of these have T2D. In China, where diabetes prevalence is the highest worldwide, an estimated 110 million adults have diabetes . Globally, the International Diabetes Federation estimates that the diabetes pandemic encompasses 8.8% of the global population; and, in 2017, worldwide health care expenditure for diabetes exceeded 800 billion US dollars (http://www.diabetesatlas.org).…”

“…The incidence of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing steadily, both in the United States and worldwide. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The National Diabetes Statistics report, 2017 (www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/ data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf) 8 estimates that as of 2015, 30.3 million people in the US have diabetes (T1D or T2D), with 23.1 million being diagnosed and 7.2 million being undiagnosed; 90% to 95% of these have T2D. In China, where diabetes prevalence is the highest worldwide, an estimated 110 million adults have diabetes.…”

“…In China, where diabetes prevalence is the highest worldwide, an estimated 110 million adults have diabetes. 1 Globally, the International Diabetes Federation estimates that the diabetes pandemic encompasses 8.8% of the global population; and, in 2017, worldwide health care expenditure for diabetes exceeded 800 billion US dollars (www.diabetesatlas.org). 9 The economic burden of diabetes in the United States alone in 2017 has been estimated at $327 billion, both in direct medical care costs and in reduced productivity, representing a 26% inflation-adjusted cost increase from just 5 years earlier.…”