Diabetes care in figures: current pitfalls and future scenario

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic-on a global scale-is a major and snowballing threat to public health, healthcare systems and economy, due to the cascade of pathologies triggered in a long-term manner after the DM manifestation. There are remarkable differences in the geographic disease spread and acceleration of an increasing DM prevalence recorded. Specifically, the highest initial prevalence of DM was recorded in the Eastern-Mediterranean region in 1980 followed by the highest acceleration of the epidemic characterised by 0.23% of an annual increase resulted in 2.3 times higher prevalence in the year 2014. In contrast, while the European region in 1980 demonstrated the second highest prevalence, the DM epidemic developments were kept much better under control compared to all other regions in the world. Although both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors play a role in DM predisposition, cross-sectional investigations recently conducted amongst elderly individuals demonstrate that ageing as a non-modifiable risk factor is directly linked to unhealthy lifestyle as a well-acknowledged modifiable risk factor which, in turn, may strongly promote ageing process related to DM even in young populations. Consequently, specifically modifiable risk factors should receive a particular attention in the context of currently observed DM epidemic prognosed to expand significantly over 600 million of diabetes-diseased people by the year 2045. The article analyses demographic profiles of DM patient cohorts as well as the economic component of the DM-related crisis and provides prognosis for future scenarios on a global scale. The innovative approach by predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention and treatments tailored to the person in a suboptimal health condition (before clinical onset of the disease), as the medicine of the future is the most prominent option to reverse currently persisting disastrous trends in diabetes care. The key role of biomedical sciences in the future developments of diabetes care is discussed.

Burden of disease and costs associated with type 2 diabetes in emerging and established markets: systematic review analyses

“…While multiple factors are likely to be responsible for these trends, clarity of treatment guidelines, and the quality of patient care are undoubtedly important factors for consideration. To this end, Owolabi et al found that the majority of national guidelines from low-and middle-income countries were inadequate in terms of applicability, clarity, and dissemination plan and not adequately contextualized for socioeconomic status as compared to highincome countries [196]. The introduction of practical and enforceable national guidelines would likely improve clinical outcomes and narrow the mortality gaps observed between countries of different economic status.…”

“…Affordable and cost effective medications such as the sulfonylureas provide a rational approach to treatment of T2D in EMG countries, deterring cost without compromising outcome [195]. Additionally, innovative digital healthcare and approaches advocating predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine should be explored as future tools to harmonize diabetes care and reduce the cost burden in all markets considered [196].…”

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Fibrin Clot Structure and Mechanics in a Model of Acute Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Formation

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common disease with a prevalence of almost 500 million people worldwide and DM is directly responsible for 1.6 million deaths per year [ 1 , 2 ]. It is expected that these high numbers will keep increasing over the coming decades if no effective preventive strategies are implemented [ 1 ].…”

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common disease with a prevalence of almost 500 million people worldwide and DM is directly responsible for 1.6 million deaths per year [ 1 , 2 ]. It is expected that these high numbers will keep increasing over the coming decades if no effective preventive strategies are implemented [ 1 ]. An important part of these deaths and the morbidity associated with DM are caused by arterial thrombotic disorders, such as myocardial infarction or stroke [ 3 ].…”

Inappropriate modeling of chronic and complex disorders: How to reconsider the approach in the context of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine, and translational medicine

“…Operational implementation of PPPM perceptions to diabetes mellitus (DM) care is due long ago. The European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (EPMA) emphasizes the need to debate the large-scale complex approach for diabetes care, especially those with comorbid pathologies such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases (NNND) [1,19,20].…”