Diabetes and apoptosis: liver

Abstract

The liver is a central regulator of glucose homeostasis and stores or releases glucose according to metabolic demands. In insulin resistant states or diabetes the dysregulation of hepatic glucose release contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of these conditions. Acute or chronic liver disease can aggravate insulin resistance and the physiological effects of insulin on hepatocytes are disturbed. Insulin resistance has also been recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of liver injury. In the healthy liver tissue homeostasis is achieved through cell turnover by apoptosis and dysregulation of the physiological process resulting in too much or too little cell death can have potentially devastating effects on liver tissue. The delineation of the signaling pathways that mediate apoptosis changed the paradigms of understanding of many liver diseases. These signaling events include cell surface based receptor-ligand systems and intracellular signaling pathways that are regulated through kinases on multiple levels. The dissection of these signaling pathways has shown that the regulators of apoptosis signaling events in hepatocytes can also modulate insulin signaling pathways and that mediators of insulin resistance in turn influence liver cell apoptosis. This review will summarize the potential crosstalk between apoptosis and insulin resistance signaling events and discuss the involved mediators.

Apoptosis and insulin resistance in liver and peripheral tissues of morbidly obese patients is associated with different stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

“…NAFLD and insulin resistance have been associated with occurrence of hepatocyte apoptosis [4,33,34]. In particular, our group has previously shown that caspase-3 and (c) adipose tissue.…”

Hepatic Dysfunction Caused by Consumption of a High-Fat Diet

“…Crosstalk between proteins relevant to insulin resistance and hepatocellular injury, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and JNK, has been proposed as a potential driver of apoptosis in the liver (Schattenberg and Schuchmann, 2009). Indeed, apoptosis is associated with severe hepatocellular injury and steatohepatitis (Guicciardi and Gores, 2005).…”

Role of death receptor, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways in different stages of degenerative human lumbar disc

“…Which have provided a new insight into the pathophysiology of IVDD [4][5][6][7]. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that is involved in cell deletion during organogenesis and in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in adult tissues, as well as in the pathogenesis of various diseases [8][9][10]. Apoptosis of disc cells plays an important role in the degenerative process [11], which leads to a decrease in cell density [4,12] and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation [7,12].…”