Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis-Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract through Regulating Colonic Cell Gene Expression and Gut Microbiomes

Abstract

The anti-inflammation effect of aqueous Phyllanthus emblica L. extract (APE) and its possible underlying mechanism in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice chronic colonic inflammation were studied. APE treatment significantly improved the colitic symptoms, including ameliorating the shortening of the colon, increasing the DSS-induced body weight loss, reducing the disease activity index, and reversing the condition of colon tissue damage of mucus lost and goblet cell reduction. Overproduction of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines were suppressed by the treatment of APE. Gut microbiome analysis showed that APE remodeled the structure of gut bacteria in phylum and genus levels, upregulating the abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, family Muribaculaceae, and genus Bacteroides and downregulating the abundance of phylum Firmicutes. The reshaped gut microbiome caused metabolic functions and pathway change with enhanced queuosine biosynthesis and reduced polyamine synthesis pathway. Colon tissue transcriptome analysis further elucidated APE-inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways and the expressions of the genes that promote the progress of colorectal cancer. It turned out that APE reshaped the gut microbiome and inhibited MAPK, cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, and TNF signaling pathways as well as the colorectal-cancer-related genes to exert its colitis protective effect.

An Exopolysaccharide from Genistein-Stimulated Monascus Purpureus: Structural Characterization and Protective Effects against DSS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Associated with the Gut Microbiota-Modulated Short-Chain Fatty Acid-TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB Cascade Response

“…Persistent colonic inflammation due to epithelial mucosal barricade disorders can induce genetic alterations in the colonic epithelial cells, resulting in aberrant proliferation, intrusiveness, angiogenesis, and, ultimately, the development of tumors . To further clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms by which G-EMP alleviates DSS-induced colitis, RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the mouse colon tissue were performed to identify the up- and downregulated gene alterations.…”

The alleviating effect of ellagic acid on DSS-induced colitis via regulating gut microbiomes and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells

“…The control group was fed with a chow diet and water, and the other three groups were fed with a chow diet and 2% DSS drinking water for four consecutive cycles (colon inflammation was induced by 5 d of 2% DSS water and 6 d of regular water was used for recovery as in the previous method). 30 The operational process of the animal experiment is exhibited in Fig. 1a.…”

“…The DAI value was obtained by dividing the total score of three results (weight decreased, fecal consistency and blood in feces) by 3. 30 Weight loss was calculated by comparing the measured body weight with the weight on day 1. Rules for scoring: weight loss (0, none; 1, 1–5% loss; 2, 6–10% loss; 3, 11–18% loss; 4, >18% reduction), fecal viscosity (0, regular; 1, soft but firm; 2, soft; 3, wet; 4, watery diarrhea), and fecal bleeding (0, normal/no blood; 1, slightly positive blood; 2, positive blood; 3, blood in feces; 4 gross bleeding).…”