Dexmedetomidine and Tear Production: Evaluation in Dogs as Spontaneous Model for Ocular Surface Disorders

Pietro, Simona Di; Giannetto, Claudia; Falcone, Annastella; Piccione, Giuseppe; Congiu, Fulvio; Staffieri, Francesco; Giudice, Elisabetta

doi:10.3390/vetsci8020028

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…This study continues previous research on the effect of sedative and anesthetic drugs on tear production in domestic animals, of which a note on the canine tear reduction by dexmedetomidine has already been published [5]. During the experimental period, no dogs exhibited corneal damages.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Tear production was measured according to our own methodology previously reported [ 5 ]. The STT 1 Tear Test (Tear Strips, Biovision Limited, Dunstable, UK) was performed in both eyes, recording baseline values expressed in millimeters/minute.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different sedatives and anesthetic drugs have been reported to cause adverse ocular side effects, such as exposure keratopathy due to loss of eyelid reflex, lagophthalmos, reduced stability of the tear film protecting corneal surface, and decreased basal tear production [ 1 ]. Transient dry eye was reported in dogs [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] and cats [ 6 , 7 ]. Perioperative dry eye can result in corneal abrasions due to the loss of corneal integrity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In dogs, the premedication before elective general anesthesia with the intramuscular administration of methadone and acepromazine induced a decrease in tear production [ 18 ]. Additionally, we have shown that dexmedetomidine reduces canine tear production up to 4 h of more after sedation, making it mandatory to use artificial moisturizing lubricant eye drops to reduce corneal discomfort [ 5 ]. In the current study, we expand this earlier study to include an examination of the effects of two more commonly used sedatives in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication

Giannetto

Macrı̀

Falcone

et al. 2021

Animals

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used sedation protocols in dogs, acepromazine (ACP) and acepromazine–methadone (ACP–MET) combination, on tear production measured by the Schirmer Tear Test (STT) 1. We hypothesized that both sedation protocols cause a reduction in canine tear production for a variable time. Fifteen client-owned dogs were recruited for the study. Each dog was subjected to sedation twice, 2–3 weeks apart, and they were randomly allocated to one of two groups receiving ACP (0.015 mg kg−1) or ACP–MET (0.010 mg kg−1 and 0.2 mg kg−1) intramuscularly. In both eyes, tear production was measured 15 min before sedation (T0) and 20 min (T20 m), 40 min (T40 m), 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 4 h (T4) and 8 h (T8), after drug administration. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (p < 0.05), showed a significant effect of time (p < 0.0001) and treatment (p < 0.0001). A significant decrease in tear production at T20 m, T40 m, T1 and T2 compared to T0 was observed in the ACP experimental protocol, while in the ACP + MET protocol, this reduction persisted until T8. Comparing the two experimental protocols, no statistically significant differences were observed at T0 or T20 m, and STT 1 values were statistically lower in the ACP + MET than the ACP protocol at the other data points. In the ACP + MET group, at T40 m, 100% of dogs showed STT 1 readings lower than 15 mm/min. This finding is clinically relevant as it can predispose dogs to corneal injuries. The major reduction in tear production due to the ACP + MET protocol proves the need for adequate corneal hydration, particularly to discourage its use in animals with altered tear production. The data obtained provide important information helping clinicians to better manage the drug’s effects on tear production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication

Giannetto

Macrı̀

Falcone

et al. 2021

Animals

Self Cite

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“…For example, Kilic and Sarierler [ 31 ] reported that tear production was significantly depressed after the dogs were sedated with propionyl promazine-fentanyl, diazepam-fentanyl, propofol, and thiopental. In addition, Dartt [ 32 ] found that the combinations of diazepam with butorphanol, acepromazine with oxymorphone, and xylazine with butorphanol decreased tear production, which may induce corneal ulcers in dogs after prolonged anesthesia [ 33 ], and moisturizing lubricant eye drops have been recommended during anesthesia to prevent corneal discomfort [ 34 ]. However, the evaluation of decreasing tear production was beyond the scope of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs

2022

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Background and Aim: The effect of anesthetic drugs on intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important concern in ophthalmic surgery. The impact of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with tiletamine-zolazepam on IOP is scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate IOP and cardiovascular effects in dogs after premedication with 5 μg/kg (DEX5) or 10 μg/kg (DEX10) of intramuscular DEX followed by intravenous tiletamine-zolazepam administration for induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs. Materials and Methods: Eighteen dogs, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, without ocular abnormality were investigated. All dogs were randomly divided into the DEX5 (n = 9) and DEX10 groups (n = 9). The IOP, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation, and sedation scale were measured before premedication (baseline), after premedication at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, after tiletamine-zolazepam administration, after endotracheal intubation, and post-operative. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups at any time point. The DEX5 and DEX10 groups had significantly decreased HR values at 10 min compared with baseline. The IOP at 20 min was significantly lower compared to the baseline in the DEX10 group. Moreover, the DEX10 group showed increased IOP, HR, SBP, and sedation scale values after induction and intubation compared with 20 min, but these values did not differ significantly from baseline. All parameters of both groups did not change significantly between post-operative and baseline. Conclusion: Intramuscular DEX (10 μg/kg) is an appropriate premedication in ophthalmic examination or surgical procedures. Moreover, it could be combined with tiletamine-zolazepam for generalized anesthesia in dogs with an ophthalmic problem, as it had no clinically significant effects on IOP or cardiovascular values.

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Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

Thenhaus‐Schnabel,

Bilotta,

Watte

et al. 2023

Vet Record Case Reports

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General anaesthesia is accompanied by a loss of the blink reflex, decreased tear production, inability to close the eye and decreased stability of the tear film. Protection of the eye with corneal lubricant is standard during general anaesthesia, but clear recommendations are missing. Moreover, the anaesthetic event may trigger other factors that increase susceptibility to corneal ulceration. In this case report, we describe a clinical case of bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat following general anaesthesia. We discuss how our practice may be improved, and examine the possibility that feline herpes virus resurgence during veterinary care may be a risk factor for corneal lesions.

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Dexmedetomidine and Tear Production: Evaluation in Dogs as Spontaneous Model for Ocular Surface Disorders

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication

Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication

Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine premedication and tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthetic induction in dogs

Bilateral corneal ulceration in a cat after general anaesthesia

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