Dexamethasone‐melatonin‐vitamin E PLGA microspheres targeting neurodegeneration in glaucoma

Abstract

Although the pathogenesis of glaucoma is not completely understood yet, all patients diagnosed with this chronic disease are observed with neurodegeneration. Neuroprotective treatment will benefit from joint administration of active substances directed towards several therapeutic targets. Our study focuses on the hypothesis that a combination of anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant drugs, namely dexamethasone (DX), melatonin (MEL) and vitamin E (VE), loaded in biodegradable drug delivery devices (microspheres) can be advantageous as a long‐term therapeutic strategy that can achieve protection of visual function and avoid retinal cells death. We further evaluated whether drugs' stability and release properties changed or not after sterilization, a key process for ophthalmic formulations. Biodegradable poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) were elaborated using the oil‐in‐water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. DX and MEL were added in a ratio 1/2:10 (DX/MEL:PLGA)(w/w) and a volume of 40 μl of VE was also included as an oily additive. After lyophilisation, MS were subjected to 60Cobalt radiation at 25 kGy (S‐MS) in dry ice. Before and after gamma‐irradiation, MS were characterized by means of internal and external morphology, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, thermal properties and in vitro release profiles. The chosen 38–20 μm MS exhibited pores inside and at a surface level respectively when observed at transmission and scanning electron microscopes, due to a slow evacuation of organic solvent from the internal to the aqueous phase for the oily nature of VE. MS showed high drug loadings of DX (56.61 ± 2.42 μg/mg MS) and MEL (33.97 ± 2.64 μg/mg MS), which remained unaltered for S‐MS, and followed a unimodal distribution of particle size (30.14 ± 1.03 μm for MS; 32.75 ± 1.46 μm for S‐MS). Differential scanning calorimeter thermograms revealed no endothermic transitions at DX and MEL melting points, thus indicating effective encapsulation. Regarding in vitro release profiles, both drugs in MS were released in a controlled fashion for more than 50 days (0.47 ± 0.03 μg/day for DX; 0.60 ± 0.04 μg/day for MEL). DX was released during a total of 120‐day follow‐up period (94.12 ± 0.68% of total DX encapsulated). Both compounds in S‐MS showed a higher burst release values (p < 0.001) in the first 7‐day period (93.21 ± 0.89% for MEL; 43.16 ± 0.75% for DX) compared to MS ones (81.35 ± 0.85% for MEL; 26.48 ± 1.24% for DX). Similarity factor (f2) statistically confirmed that changes in 35‐day release profiles for both the actives were due to sterilization (f2‐MEL = 40.47; f2‐DX = 39.10). The developed formulation proved potential usefulness as a possible long‐term neuroprotective therapy due to its four‐month in vitro co‐delivery. Additional studies will be performed for assessing in vitro toxicity and in vivo effectiveness of both the sterilized and no‐sterilized biodegradable drug delivery devices.

Unveiling the Collaborative Effect at the Cucurbit[8]uril‐MoS2 Hybrid Interface for Electrochemical Melatonin Determination

“…MLT is of paramount significance in organisms since it regulates circadian rhythms and blood pressure, acts as antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory agent, and is a free radical scavenger playing therefore, an important role in cell protection [12–14] . Such a wide scope has made that recent applications are focused on MLT analysis in food, [15–17] pharmaceutical [16–18] or biological samples as urine, saliva and nails [19–22] . Therefore, various analytical methods have been developed for MLT quantification.…”

“…Therefore, various analytical methods have been developed for MLT quantification. Although different chromatographic techniques with UV‐vis, [18] fluorescence [15] or mass spectrometry detection [21] have been proposed, electrochemical methods result an interesting alternative to these expensive and sophisticated techniques. In contrast, the electrochemical ones offer a high sensitivity with cheaper and simpler instrumentation.…”