Previous studies have shown that piperine is a bioenhancer that can increase drug levels in the blood. 6 Piperine inhibits the activity of pglycoprotein and drug-metabolising enzymes. It can increase drug absorption and bioavailability. 7 Other studies have shown that piperine can improve the pharmacokinetic profile of low bioavailability drugs, such as propranolol 8 and curcumin. 9 Treatment with piperine can also change the pharmacokinetic profile of fexofenadine 10 , almotriptan 11 , and other drug substrates of p-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 enzymes. Piperine, a significant component of the genus Piper, is implicated in drug-herb interactions. So far, the existing research has only studied the interaction between piperine and drugs, while studies of Piperaceae herbs, when combined with drugs, still need to be evaluated. In fact, in society, the use of Piperaceae herbal extracts is more popular than a single preparation of piperine. People often use a combination of conventional medicines with herbal preparations in the hope of increasing the effects of drugs. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the potential for interactions between several Piperaceae herbal extracts when used together with drugs based on their in vivo pharmacological activity.
Materials and Methods
MaterialsThe sample materials were black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) powder, purchased from Materia Medica, Malang, and Javanese long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) obtained from Kalisat, Jember Regency. The samples were collected in August 2022 and were determined by Materia Medica Batu with the certificate number 074/599/102.20-A/2022. Piperine (Sigma-Aldrich), alprazolam (Mersi), diclofenac sodium (First Medipharma), and dexamethasone (Novapharin) tablets were also prepared. The chemicals used include 95% ethanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, aqua-dest, and sodium-CMC. Other consumables are capillary