Deviations from ideality in weak electrolyte solutions

Modeling of extraction equilibrium and computer simulation of extraction-stripping systems for copper extraction by 2-hydroxy-5-nonylbenzaldehyde oxime

“…Szymanowski and Atamanczuk (1982) used the modified Couchy distribution to model the equilibrium of copper extraction from very diluted solutions. Piotrowicz and Wasylkiewicz (1986) and Piotrowicz et al (1989) proposed the chemical approach in which the activity coefficients of inorganic species present in the aqueous phase were computed according to the modification of the Pitzer method (Wasylkiewicz and Piotrowicz, 1988). Similar conclusions were obtained by using chemical models applying concentrations or activities.…”

Chemical model for copper extraction from acidic sulfate solutions by hydroxy oximes

“…Szymanowski and Atamañczuk (1982) used the modified Couchy distribution to model the extraction of copper by pure individual hydroxy oximes from very dilute acidic sulfate solutions. Piotrowicz and Wasylkiewicz (1986) proposed recently the chemical approach, in which activity coefficients of inorganic species present in the aqueous phase were calculated according to the modification of the Pitzer method (Wasylkiewicz, 1988).…”

Modeling of Acid Copper Anisotropic Deposition Based on Detailed Calculation of the Electrolyte Composition

“…In this kind of solution, not only ion-ion interaction but also ion-molecule interaction ͑i.e., HSO 4 Ϫ -CuSO 4(aq) ) must be taken into consideration. 7,13 Unfortunately, even in the most complete parameter collection for CuSO 4 /H 2 SO 4 system given by Baes et al, the ion-molecule parameters are still missing. 14 So, in our calculation, ion-molecule interaction is assumed to be much smaller than ion-ion interaction.…”

“…However, from the thermodynamic point of view, CuSO 4(aq) may not be totally dissociated because of its low dissociation constant. [7][8][9] Furthermore, the degree of dissociation of HSO 4 Ϫ should not be set arbitrarily between 0 and 1 since there is a possibility that HSO 4 Ϫ may actually be generated rather than dissociated if the CuSO 4 concentration is very high. 9 Thus, we tried to first calculate the species concentration of the electrolyte by Pitzer's model, [10][11][12] and then use the calculated data as the bulk concentration of each species in the deposition modeling.…”