Developments of Frequency-Domain Multiplexing of TES Arrays for a Future X-Ray Satellite Mission

Akamatsu, Hiroki; Gottardi, L.; Adams, J. S.; Bandler, S. R.; Bruijn, M. P.; Chervenak, James A.; Eckart, Megan E.; Finkbeiner, F. M.; Hartog, R. den; Herder, J. den; Hoevers, H.; Jambunathan, M.; Kelley, R. L.; Kilbourne, C. A.; Lee, Sang Jun; Kuur, J. van der; Linden, A. van den; Porter, F. S.; Sadleir, J. E.; Smith, S. J.; Kiviranta, Mikko; Wassell, E. J.

doi:10.1109/tasc.2014.2383353

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The profile shows a stable NEP resolution as 2.0 − 2.3 eV between TES resistance R = 0.1 − 0.4 R N and the best resolution as ∼ 2.0 eV at R = 0.12 R N . As previously reported, 11 the degradation of the integrated NEP resolution under AC bias has been observed at small TES resistance regime (R < 0.25 R N ) with GSFC-A1 array. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between AC and DC 19 bias with the GSFC-A2 array.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the X-ray Integral Field unit (X-IFU) on the Athena

et al. 2016

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We are developing the frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) read-out of transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument on board of the future European X-Ray observatory Athena. The X-IFU instrument consists of an array of ∼3840 TESs with a high quantum efficiency (>90 %) and spectral resolution ∆E=2.5 eV @ 7 keV (E/∆E ∼2800). FDM is currently the baseline readout system for the X-IFU instrument. Using high quality factor LC filters and room temperature electronics developed at SRON and low-noise two stage SQUID amplifiers provided by VTT, we have recently demonstrated good performance with the FDM readout of Mo/Au TES calorimeters with Au/Bi absorbers. An integrated noise equivalent power resolution of about 2.0 eV at 1.7 MHz has been demonstrated with a pixel from a new TES array from NASA/Goddard (GSFC-A2). We have achieved X-ray energy resolutions ∼2.5 eV at AC bias frequency at 1.7 MHz in the single pixel read-out. We have also demonstrated for the first time an X-ray energy resolution around 3.0 eV in a 6 pixel FDM read-out with TES array (GSFC-A1). In this paper we report on the single pixel performance of these microcalorimeters under MHz AC bias, and further results of the performance of these pixels under FDM.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the X-ray Integral Field unit (X-IFU) on the Athena

et al. 2016

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“…Large TES arrays are under development by many groups worldwide for ground-based and space-based applications [9][10][11][12] and different technologies to readout a large number of detectors are also under development [13][14][15][16][17]. At the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), we are currently pursuing high-performance arrays of TESs [11] together with a MHz frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout system demonstration, where each SQUID channel reads 40 pixels out [18].…”

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confidence: 99%

Complex impedance of TESs under AC bias using FDM readout system

et al. 2019

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The next generation of Far-infrared and X-ray space observatories will require detector arrays with thousands of transition edge sensor (TES) pixel. It is extremely important to have a tool that is able to characterize all the pixels and that can give a clear picture of the performance of the devices. In particular, we refer to those aspects that can affect the global energy resolution of the array: logarithmic resistance sensitivity with respect to temperature and current ( and  parameters, respectively), uniformity of the TESs and the correct understanding of the detector thermal model. Complex impedance measurement of a TES is the only technique that can give all this information at once, but it has been established only for a single pixel under DC bias. We have developed a complex impedance measurement method for TESs that are AC biased since we are using a MHz frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) system to readout an array. The FDM readout demands for some modifications to the complex-impedance technique and extra considerations, e.g. how to modulate a small fraction of the bias carrier frequencies in order to get a proper excitation current through the TESs and how to perform an accurate demodulation and recombination of the output signals. Also, it requires careful calibration to remove the presence of parasitic impedances in the entire readout system. We perform a complete set of AC impedance measurements for different X-ray TES microcalorimeters based on superconducting TiAu bilayers with or without normal metal Au bar structures. We discuss the statistical analysis of the residual between impedance data and fitting model to determine the proper calorimeter thermal model for our detectors. Extracted parameters are used to improve our understanding of the differences and capabilities among the detectors and additionally the quality of the array. Moreover, we use the results to compare the calculated noise spectra with the measured data. I. INTRODUCTION Transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters [1] are very versatile superconducting devices, which can be used to detect radiation in a wide energy range e.g. from -ray down to submillimeter [2-8]. A TES consists of a superconducting thin film, typically with a transition temperature Tc100 mK, which is strongly coupled to its absorber but weakly thermal coupled to a lower temperature heat bath via a thermal conductance G. In principle, TESs operate as thermometers: the absorption of incident photons by means of the absorber heats the device, which is biased in the transition between the superconducting and the normal states, causing a change in the resistance that is proportional to the photon energy absorbed. This variation is read out using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).

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Nearly Quantum Limited Two-Stage SQUID Amplifiers for the Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Based X-ray and Infrared Detectors

Gottardi

Kiviranta

Kuur

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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Developments of Frequency-Domain Multiplexing of TES Arrays for a Future X-Ray Satellite Mission

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the X-ray Integral Field unit (X-IFU) on the Athena

Development of frequency domain multiplexing for the X-ray Integral Field unit (X-IFU) on the Athena

Complex impedance of TESs under AC bias using FDM readout system

Nearly Quantum Limited Two-Stage SQUID Amplifiers for the Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Based X-ray and Infrared Detectors

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