Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat

Morris, Richard

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4

Cited by 6,375 publications

(3,730 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although inter‐individual consistency was low in our analyses, the proportion of individual‐level activations in HC (coupled with robust group‐level activations) was shown to be comparable with “core” scene‐sensitive regions, and provides further support for the role of the HC in scene processing [Bird and Burgess, 2008; Graham et al, 2010; Hassabis and Maguire, 2009]. While studies in rodents highlight the HC as critical for spatial navigation and allocentric spatial processing, as evidenced by the presence of place‐selective cells in HC [O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978] and spatial memory deficits following HC lesions [Morris, 1984], the notion that the human HC is involved in scene processing remains controversial [Suzuki, 2009]. While the human HC may be important for navigation [Ekstrom et al, 2003; Maguire et al, 2000; Suthana et al, 2009], its recruitment across a range of mnemonic and perceptual scene processing tasks is indicative of a broader role in scene cognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network

Hodgetts

Shine

Lawrence

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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Functional neuroimaging studies have identified several “core” brain regions that are preferentially activated by scene stimuli, namely posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), and transverse occipital sulcus (TOS). The hippocampus (HC), too, is thought to play a key role in scene processing, although no study has yet investigated scene‐sensitivity in the HC relative to these other “core” regions. Here, we characterised the frequency and consistency of individual scene‐preferential responses within these regions by analysing a large dataset (n = 51) in which participants performed a one‐back working memory task for scenes, objects, and scrambled objects. An unbiased approach was adopted by applying independently‐defined anatomical ROIs to individual‐level functional data across different voxel‐wise thresholds and spatial filters. It was found that the majority of subjects had preferential scene clusters in PHG (max = 100% of participants), RSC (max = 76%), and TOS (max = 94%). A comparable number of individuals also possessed significant scene‐related clusters within their individually defined HC ROIs (max = 88%), evidencing a HC contribution to scene processing. While probabilistic overlap maps of individual clusters showed that overlap “peaks” were close to those identified in group‐level analyses (particularly for TOS and HC), inter‐individual consistency varied across regions and statistical thresholds. The inter‐regional and inter‐individual variability revealed by these analyses has implications for how scene‐sensitive cortex is localised and interrogated in functional neuroimaging studies, particularly in medial temporal lobe regions, such as the HC. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3779–3794, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network

Hodgetts

Shine

Lawrence

et al. 2016

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Spatial memory analysis was carried out according to a version of the Morris’ water maze (MWT) pool modified for small animals (63 cm long, 43 cm wide and 35 cm high), with the water temperature set at 22–23°C and made opaque by latex suspension (Morris, 1984). The escape latency (EL), defined as the time taken to reach the platform, was measured during each trial as an indicator of learning.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning and memory disabilities in IUGR babies: Functional and molecular analysis in a rat model

et al. 2017

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IntroductionIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is the failure of the fetus to achieve its inherent growth potential, and it has frequently been associated with neurodevelopmental problems in childhood. Neurological disorders are mostly associated with IUGR babies with an abnormally high cephalization index (CI) and a brain sparing effect. However, a similar correlation has never been demonstrated in an animal model. The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between CI, functional deficits in learning and memory and alterations in synaptic proteins in a rat model of IUGR.MethodsUtero‐placental insufficiency was induced by meso‐ovarian vessel cauterization (CMO) in pregnant rats at embryonic day 17 (E17). Learning performance in an aquatic learning test was evaluated 25 days after birth and during 10 days. Some synaptic proteins were analyzed (PSD95, Synaptophysin) by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.ResultsPlacental insufficiency in CMO pups was associated with spatial memory deficits, which are correlated with a CI above the normal range. CMO pups presented altered levels of synaptic proteins PSD95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that learning disabilities may be associated with altered development of excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Although interspecific differences in fetal response to placental insufficiency should be taken into account, the translation of these data to humans suggest that both IUGR babies and babies with a normal birth weight but with intrauterine Doppler alterations and abnormal CI should be closely followed to detect neurodevelopmental alterations during the postnatal period.

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“…The Morris water maze test was used to assess hippocampus‐dependent spatial memory [Morris, 1984]. Mice were individually trained in a circular pool (100 cm diameter, 30 cm height) filled with water that was maintained at 25 °C and made opaque using a non‐toxic washable white paint.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not aggravate memory deficits in 5xFAD mice

Son

Jeong

Kwon³

et al. 2016

Bioelectromagnetics

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The increased use of mobile phones has generated public concern about the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMF) on health. In the present study, we investigated whether RF‐EMFs induce molecular changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid beta (Aβ)‐related memory impairment in the 5xFAD mouse, which is a widely used amyloid animal model. The 5xFAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to two groups (RF‐EMF‐ and sham‐exposed groups, eight mice per group). The RF‐EMF group was placed in a reverberation chamber and exposed to 1950 MHz electromagnetic fields for 3 months (SAR 5 W/kg, 2 h/day, 5 days/week). The Y‐maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition memory test were used to evaluate spatial and non‐spatial memory following 3‐month RF‐EMF exposure. Furthermore, Aβ deposition and APP and carboxyl‐terminal fragment β (CTFβ) levels were evaluated in the hippocampus and cortex of 5xFAD mice, and plasma levels of Aβ peptides were also investigated. In behavioral tests, mice that were exposed to RF‐EMF for 3 months did not exhibit differences in spatial and non‐spatial memory compared to the sham‐exposed group, and no apparent change was evident in locomotor activity. Consistent with behavioral data, RF‐EMF did not alter APP and CTFβ levels or Aβ deposition in the brains of the 5xFAD mice. These findings indicate that 3‐month RF‐EMF exposure did not affect Aβ‐related memory impairment or Aβ accumulation in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease model. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:391–399, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Bioelectromagnetics Society.

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Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat

Cited by 6,375 publications

References 17 publications

Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network

Evidencing a place for the hippocampus within the core scene processing network

Learning and memory disabilities in IUGR babies: Functional and molecular analysis in a rat model

1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields do not aggravate memory deficits in 5xFAD mice

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