Developments of 170Er, 204, 206, 207, 208Pb and 209Bi target wheels for reaction studies and synthesis of heaviest elements

Folger, H.; Hartmann, W.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Klemm, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Ninov, V.; Thalheimer, W.; Armbruster, P.

doi:10.1016/0168-9002(95)00527-7

Cited by 46 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…5. Conventionally, ID information has been used for a on-line monitoring to check for damage due to evaporation, deterioration, and sputtering, all of which are caused by beamirradiation [4][5][6]. In this study, the ID data was used as a tagging signal to identify each target on the rotating wheel by correlation with evaporation residue.…”

Section: Design and Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-layered target and identification method of individual target correlated with evaporation residues

Kaji

Morimoto

2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Section: Design and Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-layered target and identification method of individual target correlated with evaporation residues

Kaji

Morimoto

2015

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…At the UNILAC, the beam quality was considerably improved when only one charge State from the ECR source was accelerated without Stripping to higher Charge states at medium energy. To avoid scattering at the target frame, the size of the targets was enlarged, and finally, the target quality was improved [16]. The low energy projectiles passing SHIP have a lower magnetic rigidity than the reaction products and are deflected to the left side of the detector array.…”

Section: The Recoil Separator Shipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The target wheel has a radius up to the Center of the targets of 155 mm. It rotates synchronously with beam macrostructure at 1125 rpm [16]. The target thickness is usually 450 (ig/cm^.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Properties of Superheavy Elements

Hofmann

1999

Radiochimica Acta

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Transfermium elements / Superheavy elements / New elements / Atomic number 101-112 / Nuclear structure / Fusion reactions SummaryThe nuclear shell model predicts that the next doubly magic shell-closure beyond ™®Pb should be at a proton number between Z = 114 and 126 and at neutron number N = 184. The outstanding aim of experimental investigations is the exploration of this region of spherical Super Heavy Elements (SHEs). However, all experimental efforts aiming at identifying SHEs (Z > 114) were negative so far. Presently, the end of the Periodic Table is at element Z = 112; and the heaviest known nucleus is ^'"112. In this article, the experimental methods are described which allowed for identifying the elements from 110 to 112. The resuhs are discussed in the frame of theoretical models, and plans are presented to improve the experimental set-up. At increased sensitivity, the synthesis of elements beyond Z = 112 seems to be achievable. sion reactions. A cross-section of 1 pb was estimated for the synthesis of element 110 by the reaction + ^"«Pb -+ In [11], Increasing the experimental sensitivity by simply extending the measuring time was not feasible, at least not in experiments performed regularly on a cross-section level of 1 pb or less. A reduction of the measuring time could be obtained by increasing both the efficiencies of the experimental set-up and the intensity of the beam currents. Values of up to 1 puA (1 puA = 6.24 X particles/s) are feasible. In the ideal case of 100% Overall efficiency, an average of one event per day will be measured at a cross-section of 1 pb. These improved conditions would support an extension of the measurable cross-section ränge, down to even 0.1 pb in specific cases. In the following sections the presently used experimental method is described, which allowed for identifying the elements 110 to 112.

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“…The length of SHIP from the target to the detector is 11 m. The target wheel has a radius up to the centre of the targets of 155 mm. It rotates synchronously with beam macrostructure at 1125 rpm [23]. The target thickness is usually 450 μg/cm 2 .…”

Section: Recoil-separation Techniques and Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of superheavy elements by cold fusion

Hofmann¹

2011

Radiochimica Acta

125

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Summary.The new elements from Z = 107 to 112 were synthesized in cold fusion reactions based on targets of lead and bismuth. The principle physical concepts are presented which led to the application of this reaction type in search experiments for new elements. Described are the technical developments from early mechanical devices to experiments with recoil separators. An overview is given of present experiments which use cold fusion for systematic studies and synthesis of new isotopes. Perspectives are also presented for the application of cold fusion reactions in synthesis of elements beyond element 113, the so far heaviest element produced in a cold fusion reaction. Further, the transition of hot fusion to cold fusion is pointed out, which occurs in reactions for synthesis of elements near Z = 126 using actinide targets and beams of neutron rich isotopes of elements from iron to germanium.

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Developments of 170Er, 204, 206, 207, 208Pb and 209Bi target wheels for reaction studies and synthesis of heaviest elements

Cited by 46 publications

References 9 publications

Double-layered target and identification method of individual target correlated with evaporation residues

Double-layered target and identification method of individual target correlated with evaporation residues

Synthesis and Properties of Superheavy Elements

Synthesis of superheavy elements by cold fusion

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