Developments in HIV-1 immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccination

Abstract

Since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) pandemic began, few prophylactic vaccines have reached phase III trials. Only one has shown partial efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had considerable success in controlling infection and reducing transmission but in so doing has changed the nature of HIV-1 infection for those with access to ART. Access, compliance, and toxicity alongside the emergence of serious non-AIDS morbidity and the sometimes poor immune reconstitution in ART-treated patients have emphasized the need for additional therapies. Such therapy is intended to contribute to control of HIV-1 infection, permit structured treatment interruptions, or even establish a functional cure of permanently suppressed and controlled infection. Both immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccination have the potential to reach these goals. In this review, the latest developments in immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccination are discussed.

AATF Genome: Evolution of Allorecognition

“…Further, HIV-1 latency has posed major hurdle in devising various preventive or curative measures. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have, recently, shown promise in reactivating HIV-1 reservoirs [50]. In this context also, AATF gene assumes importance because AATF is known to displace HDAC and recruit co-activator acetylase p300 to various promoters in human genome [3].…”

Immune Epitope Continuum of the Protein Relationships, Poly- And Autoreactivity of Antibodies

“…В случае, например, ВИЧ не выполняется ни один из упомянутых критери-ев: в 70-80% случаев достаточно одного вириона либо инфицированной им клетки, для того что-бы установилась продуктивная клиническая ин-фекция, т.е. инфекция реализуется при участии предельно минимального количества вирионов, а выраженный ответ пораженной ИС на инфек-цию развертывается, когда вирусом оказывается поражено множество клеток и органов хозяина с формированием практически не устранимого резервуара вируса [34]. Прогнозирование реакции ИС индивидуума на ИЭ патогена осложняется многочисленностью гаплотипов МНС, выявленной в последние годы размытостью путей представления Аг через МНС I и МНС II, а также особенностями иммунопро-теасом.…”

Novel Prospective Treatment Options

“…The immune based therapies involve in enhancing the potency of the immune system to counteract HIV by reducing inflammation, preventing immune activation by HIV-1 or promoting effective immune responses against HIV. The different modalities used to achieve this effect can be broadly classified into non-HIV antigen specific therapies and those which use the HIV antigens ( Table-6) [6,165].…”