Developments in Biological Mechanisms and Treatments for Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia

Wu, Qiongqiong; Wang, Xiaoyi; Wang, Ying; Long, Yujun; Zhao, Jingping; Wu, Renrong

doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00740-6

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 208 publications

(261 reference statements)

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“…Negative symptoms predominate in one third of patients with this disease and are associated with poorer patient prognosis and response to treatment. The treatment of positive and negative symptoms includes drugs that affect dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic transmission [ 120 , 121 ]. Cognitive impairment is independent of the presence of positive and negative disorders in schizophrenia [ 122 ].…”

Section: Beneficial Properties Of Sodium Benzoatementioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review

Walczak-Nowicka

Herbet

2022

Nutrients

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Currently, due to the large number of reports regarding the harmfulness of food additives, more and more consumers follow the so-called “clean label” trend, i.e., prefer and choose the least-processed food products. One of the compounds known as a preservative with a high safety profile is sodium benzoate. While some studies show that it can be used to treat conditions such as depression, pain, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, others report its harmfulness. For example, it was found to cause mutagenic effects, generate oxidative stress, disrupt hormones, and reduce fertility. Due to such disparate results, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively discuss the safety profile of sodium benzoate and its potential use in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and pain relief.

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Section: Beneficial Properties Of Sodium Benzoatementioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review

Walczak-Nowicka

Herbet

2022

Nutrients

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“…Hypersensitivity to antipsychotics is particularly frequent in elderly patients, which is based on an impaired blood-brain barrier and dysfunction of the P-glycoprotein, which contributes to the increased direct penetration of the drug into the central nervous system ( 57 ). Second, with age, the concentration of endogenous dopamine decreases, which leads to a decrease in the activity of the dopaminergic system as well as the synthesis of dopamine enzymes and precursors ( 57 ). Moreover, the activity of monoamine oxidase B, which is involved in the catabolism of dopamine, increases, and the concentration of the dopamine transporter responsible for its reuptake decreases ( 57 ).…”

Section: Place Of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy In Late-onset Sch...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crossroad between current knowledge and new perspective of diagnostic and therapy of late-onset schizophrenia and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: An update

Stępień-Wyrobiec

Nowak²,

Wyrobiec³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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Schizophrenia is a chronic, highly individualized disease with many symptoms that can occur with varying severity in different patients. Schizophrenia affects 1% of the population, but occurs in almost 20% of patients after 40 years of age. It should be noted that the next peak in the incidence of schizophrenia occurs at the age of 60 years, affects mostly females, and is closely associated with a high risk of developing memory disorders. Therefore, postadolescent schizophrenia includes two distinct groups of patients: those whose symptoms onset at the age of 45 or 60. The purposes of this literature review were as follows: (1) synthetically characterize the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia; (2) discuss difficulties in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, especially in patients over 40 years of age; (3) discuss the clinical utility of different classes of marker in diagnostic and differentiating schizophrenia from neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people; (4) discuss therapeutic options for schizophrenia, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy, emphasizing the role of caregivers of people with psychosis in therapy, in preadolescence and postadolescence schizophrenia. We have tried to primarily discuss the findings of original articles from the last 10 years with an indication of their clinical implications with the issues discussed in the various subsections. Moreover, despite many years of research, no specific, precise algorithm has been developed that can be used in clinical practice during the diagnosis of schizophrenia. For this reason, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is primarily based on an interview with the patient and his family, as well as on the experience of a psychiatrist. It also seems that schizophrenia treatment should be carried out holistically, including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and the support of caregivers of patients who have this psychosis, which increases the achievement of therapeutic success. Finally, we must be aware of the difficulties in diagnosing schizophrenia in the elderly and the need to modify pharmacological treatment. Currently, no guidelines have been developed for the differentiation of negative symptoms in elderly patients with schizophrenia from amotivation/avolition/apathy symptoms in elderly patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

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“…It is one of the most serious mental disorders (Jauhar et al, 2022 ). Cognitive symptoms are the core symptoms of schizophrenia, which have a great impact on the quality of life of patients, with a high incidence in patients, and up to 98.1% of patients have cognitive disorders (Wu et al, 2021 ). Moreover, there is a lack of effective treatment for cognitive symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects and mechanism of environmental enrichment on MK-801 induced cognitive impairment in rodents with schizophrenia

Tian

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive symptoms are a kind of symptoms with high incidence and great impact on patients. There is no effective treatment in clinical practice. N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor hypofunction may be an important cause of cognitive symptoms. MK-801 (also named Dizocilpine), a noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptor, is often used to construct a model of NMDA receptor dysfunction. In terms of treatment, environmental enrichment (EE) as an environmental intervention can effectively improve the symptoms of cognitive impairment in rodents. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the background of cognitive symptoms and EE in schizophrenia, and then investigate the manifestations of MK-801 induced cognitive impairment, the improvement of EE on these cognitive impairments based on the MK-801 induced schizophrenia rodent models, and the possible mechanism of EE in improving cognitive symptoms. This article reviews the literature in recent years, which provides an important reference for MK-801 to construct a cognitive symptom model of schizophrenia and the mechanism of EE in improving cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Developments in Biological Mechanisms and Treatments for Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia

Cited by 34 publications

References 208 publications

Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review

Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review

Crossroad between current knowledge and new perspective of diagnostic and therapy of late-onset schizophrenia and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: An update

The effects and mechanism of environmental enrichment on MK-801 induced cognitive impairment in rodents with schizophrenia

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