Developmentally Regulated Secreted Factors Control Expression of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Embryonic Chick Retina

Skorupa, Annette F.; Klein, William L.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03493.x

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The results of this study indicate that nAChRs begin to be expressed in the chick retina very early, around E4.5, which is well before the first appearance of choline acetyltransferase in neurons at E6.5 (Spira et al, 1987). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are also present in the nervous system prior to synapse formation (Dryer and Chiappinelli, 1985;Skorupa and Klein, 1993). It is interesting to note that another component of the cholinergic system, acetylcholinesterase, also first appears in the chick retina by E4.5 (Shen et al, 1956).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Differential development of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive and α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina

Hamassaki‐Britto

Gardino

Hokoç

et al. 1994

J of Comparative Neurology

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The development of cells containing neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the chick retina was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies directed against the alpha 3 and alpha 8 nAChR subunits. The alpha 3 subunit is one of the major alpha-bungarotoxin-insensitive nicotinic receptor subunits in the chick retina, whereas alpha 8 appears to be the most common alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive subunit in the same structure, alpha 3-like immunoreactivity (alpha 3-LI) was first detected in cells of the vitreal margin, on the embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5). alpha 8-LI was first detected in the same type of cell almost a day later. However, the processes of alpha 8-LI cells developed much faster than those of alpha 3-LI cells, generating visible stained laminae in the prospective inner plexiform layer as early as E7. alpha 3-LI was only clearly seen in laminae of the inner plexiform layer by E12. By this date, both alpha 3 and alpha 8-LI were seen in the same types of cells as in the adult retina, i.e., amacrines, displaced ganglion cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for alpha 3-LI; and amacrines, bipolar cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for alpha 8-LI. These results reveal different patterns of development of cells containing the alpha 3 and alpha 8 nAChR subunits in the chick retina and indicate that those nAChR subunits are expressed in the chick retina before choline acetyltransferase-positive cells can be detected and well before synaptogenesis. These data also suggest that nAChRs may have a developmental function in the retina.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Differential development of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive and α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina

Hamassaki‐Britto

Gardino

Hokoç

et al. 1994

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…A variety of studies have determined the appearance of neurotransmitters, their biosynthetic enzymes, and their respective receptors in the developing chick retina. For example, the nicotinic and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, as well as glutamate receptors are already expressed very early in development (Vogel and Nirenberg, 1976;Sugiyama et al, 1977;Somohano et al, 1988;Matter et al, 1990;Skorupa and Klein, 1993;Hamassaki-Britto et al, 1994). Similarly, low levels of benzodiazepin-binding GABAA receptor subunits have been detected already at E7 (Altstein et al, 1981;Shah and Hausman, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of synaptic specializations in the inner plexiform layer of the developing chick retina

Hering

Kröger

1996

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The development of synapse-like specializations was investigated in the inner plexiform layer of the developing chick retina by using light and electron microscopy. Six monoclonal antibodies, directed against glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor subunits, the intracellular receptor-associated protein gephyrin, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin were used to determine the initial appearance and distribution of their antigens. Synaptophysin and synaptotagmin immunoreactivity was detected in the retina concurrent with the formation of the inner plexiform layer at embryonic day 7. This early appearance before synaptic differentiation, together with the transient expression of synaptotagmin immunoreactivity in the synapse-free optic fiber layer, suggests that in the developing central nervous system (CNS) these proteins are not confined to synapses. The first immunofluorescence signal detected with specific antibodies against the beta 2 and beta 3-subunits of the GABAA receptor, the glycine receptor, and gephyrin appeared at embryonic day 12. In contrast, the alpha 1-subunit of the adult-type glycine receptor heteromeric complex was detectable only at later stages of development, after embryonic day 16, suggesting a change in the subunit composition of some glycine receptor complexes. The staining was clearly punctate, indicating the clustering of the alpha 1-subunit at synapses. Electron microscopic investigation revealed the first postsynaptic densities and active zones in the inner plexiform layer of the retina at embryonic day 12. These results reveal different patterns of development for the investigated pre- and postsynaptic proteins and indicate a parallel appearance of gephyrin, glycine receptor, and the beta 2 and beta 3-subunits of the GABAA receptor with the first synaptic specializations in the inner plexiform layer of the developing chick retina.

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“…In addition, chicken retina CM promotes the differentiation of cholinergic neurons of the retina (de Mello et al, 1990). Skorupa and Klein (1993) showed that a factor produced by mature retinal cells was involved in mAChR gene transcription. Subsequent research showed that mature but not immature retinal cells, probably Muller glia, secrete a developmentally regulated protease-sensitive factor that induces a selective increase in the muscarinic cm2 mRNA and protein (McKinnnon et al, 1998;Belmonte et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sympathetic neuronal survival induced by retinal trophic factors

Reis

Silva²,

Santos³

et al. 2001

J. Neurobiol.

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Neuronal survival in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system depends on neurotrophic factors available from target tissues. In an attempt to identify novel survival factors, we have studied the effect of secreted factors from retinal cells on the survival of chick sympathetic ganglion neurons. Embryonic day 10 sympathetic neurons undergo programmed cell death after 48 h without appropriate levels of nerve growth factor (NGF). Retina Conditioned Media (RCM) from explants of embryonic day 11 retinas maintained for 4 days in vitro supported 90% of E10 chick sympathetic neurons after 48 h. Conditioned medium from purified chick retinal Muller glial cells supported nearly 100% of E10 chick sympathetic neurons. Anti-NGF (1 microg/mL) blocked the survival effect of NGF, but did not block the trophic effect of RCM. Neither BDNF nor NT4 (0.1-50 ng/mL) supported E10 sympathetic neuron survival. Incubation of chimeric immunoglobulin-receptors TrkA, TrkB, or TrkC had no effect on RCM-induced sympathetic neuron survival. The survival effects were not blocked by anti-GDNF, anti-TGFbeta, and anti-CNTF and were not mimicked by FGFb (0.1-10 nM). LY294002 at 50 microM, but not PD098059 blocked sympathetic survival induced by RCM. Further, the combination of RCM and NGF did not result in an increase in neuronal survival compared with NGF alone (82% survival after 48 h). The secreted factor in RCM is retained in subfractions with a molecular weight above 100 kDa, binds to heparin, and is unaffected by dialysis, but is heat sensitive. Our results indicate the presence of a high-molecular weight retinal secreted factor that supports sympathetic neurons in culture.

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Developmentally Regulated Secreted Factors Control Expression of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Embryonic Chick Retina

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Differential development of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive and α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina

Differential development of α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive and α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina

Formation of synaptic specializations in the inner plexiform layer of the developing chick retina

Sympathetic neuronal survival induced by retinal trophic factors

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