Developmental variations of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase in embryonic and post-hatching chicken sympathetic ganglia

Fairman, Kenneth R.; Giacobini, Ezio; Chiappinelli, Vincent A.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90884-2

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This lack of persistence may indicate that in the period from embryonic day 19 until hatching or thereafter (when chicken embryos and chickens were kept in normoxic conditions and body weight substantially increased) neuronal development can still be modulated. Indeed, in sympathetic ganglia of the chicken, increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity occur up until 2 days after hatching [6]. The course of developmental changes in arterial nerve fibre density remains to be established.…”

Section: Effects On Endothelial Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic moderate hypoxia during in ovo development alters arterial reactivity in chickens

Ruijtenbeek¹,

Kessels²,

Janssen

et al. 2003

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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We previously observed arterial sympathetic hyperinnervation and endothelial dysfunction in the chicken embryo after exposure to chronic hypoxia. We now investigate whether changes in arterial properties could also be observed at 14-15 weeks of life. Eggs of White Leghorn chicken were incubated under normoxic or moderately hypoxic (15% O2 from days 6-19 of a 21-day incubation) conditions. Experiments were performed at 14-15 weeks of life under standard conditions (Hm: males exposed to hypoxia; Hf: females exposed to hypoxia; Nm: males exposed to normoxia; Nf: females exposed to normoxia). Body weight at hatching and at 14-15 weeks was not affected by in ovo exposure to hypoxia. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were not significantly altered by chronic in ovo hypoxia. However, isolated femoral arteries were more sensitive to electrical stimulation (frequency in Hz of half-maximal contraction, Hm: 1.62+/-0.33, Hf: 1.92+/-0.88, Nm: 2.49+/-0.49, Nf: 2.83+/-0.31) and pharmacological stimulation of peri-arterial sympathetic nerves (contraction in N/m in response to tyramine: Hm: 5.27+/-0.85, Hf: 4.10+/-0.9, Nm: 2.26+/-0.67, Nf: 3.65+/-0.51, p=0.07) after in ovo hypoxia. In side branches of the femoral artery, the effect of NO synthase blockade with L-NAME on contraction (in N/m) in response to high K+ (Hm: 0.35+/-0.91, Hf: 1.29+/-0.36, Nm: 2.88+/-0.19, Nf: 2.79+/-0.58) and on the sensitivity to acetylcholine (DeltapD2, H: 0.32+/-0.11, N: 0.62+/-0.05) was reduced after in ovo hypoxia. The present study shows that exposure to chronic moderate hypoxia during development affects the contractile and relaxing arterial responses of 14- to 15-week-old chickens. Although hypoxia did not lead to changes in blood pressure at this age, the observed effects on arterial sympathetic and endothelial function may represent early signs of future cardiovascular abnormalities.

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Section: Effects On Endothelial Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic moderate hypoxia during in ovo development alters arterial reactivity in chickens

Ruijtenbeek¹,

Kessels²,

Janssen

et al. 2003

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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“…Enzyme activity studies provide evidence for cholinergic differentiation in avian and mammalian postganglionic sympathetic neurons early during development Analyzing TH and AChE activity in chick sympathetic ganglia, specific AChE activity was observed to strongly increase between embryonic day 8 (E8) and 12 (E12), a time period when specific TH activity decreases (Fairman et al 1976). ChAT activity in lumbosacral sympathetic ganglia was not detectable at E4, weak at E5 and increased from E6 to E8 in the chick (Marchisio and Consolo 1968).…”

Section: Expression Of Cholinergic Properties In Sympathetic Ganglia:mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the cholinergic neurotransmitter phenotype in postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Ernsberger

Rohrer

1999

Cell and Tissue Research

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Sympathetic ganglia are composed of noradrenergic neurons and cholinergic neurons that differ in the expression of neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes, neurotransmitter transporters and neuropeptides. The analysis of the cholinergic differentiation during development revealed important principles involved in the generation of neuronal diversity, in particular the importance of signals from the innervated target. Some peripheral targets, such as the sweat glands in the mammalian footpads, are purely cholinergically innervated in the adult, whereas skeletal muscle arteries receive both noradrenergic and cholinergic innervation. For sympathetic neurons innervating sweat glands there is convincing evidence that these neurons are initially noradrenergic and that the interaction of innervating fibers and target tissue induces a shift in the neurotransmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to cholinergic. In addition to this target-dependent differentiation, an earlier expression of cholinergic characters was observed in sympathetic ganglia that occurs before target contact. These data raise the possibility that different subpopulations of cholinergic sympathetic neurons, innervating distinct peripheral targets, may develop along distinct schedules. In vitro studies suggest that growth factors of the family of neuropoietic cytokines are involved in the specification of the cholinergic sympathetic phenotype. Recent in vivo studies that interfered with cytokine receptor expression in developing avian sympathetic ganglia indicate that only the late, target-dependent differentiation depends on cytokine signaling. The signals involved in the early, target-independent expression of cholinergic properties remain to be determined, as well as the identity of the target-derived cytokine. Thus, cholinergic sympathetic differentiation seems to be more complex than expected, involving either both target-independent and target-dependent control or only target-induced differentiation, according to the specific neuronal subpopulation and target.

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“…Assay ofTH Activity TH activity was determined by means of a micro method combining our previously reported method [18] and the extraction of dopamine with sodium tetraphenylboron reported by Emson and Fonmtm [17].…”

Section: Biochemical Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the developing chick lumbar sympa thetic ganglia, the activities of tyrosine hydro xylase [TH] and AChE [18] as well as dop amine-(3-hydroxylase and ChAc [8,15] have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nicotinic Antagonists on the Development of the Chick Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglia, Ciliary Ganglion and Iris

Chiappinelli¹,

Fairman²,

Giacobini³

1978

Dev Neurosci

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The effects of in ovo injections of nicotinic blockers on the development of two neuronal systems in the chick embryo have been examined. Chlorisondamine, a ganglionic blocking drug, caused a long-term hypotrophy in both the ciliary ganglion and the lumbar sympathetic ganglia. Choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced in both ganglia while cholinesterase activity was reduced in the ciliary ganglion. Development of the iris, the end organ of the ciliary ganglion, was not significantly altered by chlorisondamine. α-Bungarotoxin injections delayed development in the striated iris muscle, while having little effect on the ontogeny of the ciliary and sympathetic ganglia. While normal synaptic transmission does not appear to be essential for the survival of developing neurons, blocking postsynaptic receptors significantly altered the developmental course in the ganglia after ganglionic receptor blockade and in the iris after neuromuscular junction receptor blockade. Thus, synaptic transmission may play a regulatory role in the process of synaptogenesis.

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Developmental variations of tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase in embryonic and post-hatching chicken sympathetic ganglia

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Chronic moderate hypoxia during in ovo development alters arterial reactivity in chickens

Chronic moderate hypoxia during in ovo development alters arterial reactivity in chickens

Development of the cholinergic neurotransmitter phenotype in postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Effects of Nicotinic Antagonists on the Development of the Chick Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglia, Ciliary Ganglion and Iris

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