Developmental trauma disorder: pros and cons of including formal criteria in the psychiatric diagnostic systems

Schmid, Marc; Petermann, Franz; Fegert, Jöerg M.

doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-3

Cited by 98 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…Less is known about ACEs prevalence and impact for US children with any type of emotional, mental, or behavioral condition(s) (EMB). Because common symptoms are shared by children exposed to ACEs and those diagnosed with EMB, 3,4 it is important to understand the prevalence of ACEs exposure among children with EMB, how these phenomena are related to each other, and to assess whether adaptations are needed in approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of EMB in children who may also carry the social and emotional trauma and chronic stress that can result from ACEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches

Bethell

Gombojav

Solloway

et al. 2016

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

136

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Synopsis US children with emotional, mental, or behavioral conditions (EMB) have disproportionate exposure to potentially traumatizing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (70.7% EMB vs. 46.9% non-EMB). Neuroscience, epigenetic, developmental, social, epidemiologic, and other sciences provide theoretical and empirical explanations for observed early and lifelong physical, mental, emotional, educational, and social impacts of the trauma and chronic stress that can result from ACEs. Together, these sciences point to possibilities to strengthen families and promote child resilience and school and life success using mindfulness-based, mind-body approaches (MBMB) that neuroscience and other studies show promote healthy regulation of stress, resilience, and healing from emotional trauma. This paper examines US population-based associations between prevalence of EMB, ACEs, and risk regulating protective factors that are potentially malleable using MBMB, such as child resilience, parental coping and stress, and parent-child engagement. US rates of MBMB use among children with EMB are estimated. Findings encourage family-centered and mindfulness-based approaches to address social and emotional trauma and potentially interrupt intergenerational cycles of ACEs and prevalence of EMB among children and youth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches

Bethell

Gombojav

Solloway

et al. 2016

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

136

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“…51–54 ACEs assessment might point to the need to conduct such formal screening and treatment for complex trauma. Likewise, we have not viewed assessment of trauma symptoms to replace ACEs assessment because it has unique value to facilitate education and awareness about the effect of ACEs and possibilities for healing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to Assess Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children and Families: Toward Approaches to Promote Child Well-being in Policy and Practice

Bethell

Carle

Hudziak

et al. 2017

Academic Pediatrics

375

249

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Background Advances in human development sciences point to tremendous possibilities to promote healthy child development and well-being across life by proactively supporting safe, stable and nurturing family relationships (SSNRs), teaching resilience, and intervening early to promote healing the trauma and stress associated with disruptions in SSNRs. Assessing potential disruptions in SSNRs, such as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), can contribute to assessing risk for trauma and chronic and toxic stress. Asking about ACEs can help with efforts to prevent and attenuate negative impacts on child development and both child and family well-being. Many methods to assess ACEs exist but have not been compared. The National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) now measures ACEs for children, but requires further assessment and validation. Methods We identified and compared methods to assess ACEs among children and families, evaluated the acceptability and validity of the new NSCH-ACEs measure, and identified implications for assessing ACEs in research and practice. Results Of 14 ACEs assessment methods identified, 5 have been used in clinical settings (vs public health assessment or research) and all but 1 require self or parent report (3 allow child report). Across methods, 6 to 20 constructs are assessed, 4 of which are common to all: parental incarceration, domestic violence, household mental illness/suicide, household alcohol or substance abuse. Common additional content includes assessing exposure to neighborhood violence, bullying, discrimination, or parental death. All methods use a numeric, cumulative risk scoring methodology. The NSCH-ACEs measure was acceptable to respondents as evidenced by few missing values and no reduction in response rate attributable to asking about children’s ACEs. The 9 ACEs assessed in the NSCH co-occur, with most children with 1 ACE having additional ACEs. This measure showed efficiency and confirmatory factor analysis as well as latent class analysis supported a cumulative risk scoring method. Formative as well as reflective measurement models further support cumulative risk scoring and provide evidence of predictive validity of the NSCH-ACEs. Common effects of ACEs across household income groups confirm information distinct from economic status is provided and suggest use of population-wide versus high-risk approaches to assessing ACEs. Conclusions Although important variations exist, available ACEs measurement methods are similar and show consistent associations with poorer health outcomes in absence of protective factors and resilience. All methods reviewed appear to coincide with broader goals to facilitate health education, promote health and, where needed, to mitigate the trauma, chronic stress, and behavioral and emotional sequelae that can arise with exposure to ACEs. Assessing ACEs appears acceptable to individuals and families when conducted in population-based and clinical research contexts. Although research to date and neurobiological findings compel early ide...

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“…Violent relational experiences in childhood frequently result in symptoms of 'PTSD' or 'developmental trauma' (Steiner, Garcia, & Matthews, 1997;van der Kolk, 2007;Schmid, Petermann & Fegert, 2013, Ford & Courtois, 2013Treisman, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, development and validity testing of the gang affiliation risk measure (GARM)

Raby

Jones

Hulbert

et al. 2017

The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology

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This study aimed to create a measure of risk for gang affiliation, for use in the UK. A pilot stage invited gang affiliated and non-gang affiliated participants between the ages of 16-25 years to retrospectively self-report on 58 items of risk exposure at the age of 11 years. Based on performance of these items, a 26-item measure was developed and administered to a main study sample (n=185) of gang affiliated and non-gang affiliated participants. Categorical Principal Component Analysis was applied to data, yielding a single-factor solution (historic lack of safety and current perception of threat). A 15-item gang affiliation risk measure (GARM) was subsequently created. The GARM demonstrated good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminative ability. Items from the GARM were then transformed to read prospectively, resulting in a test measure for predictive purposes (T-GARM). The T-GARM requires further validation regarding its predictive utility and generalisability.However, this study has resulted in the first measure of gang affiliation, with promising results.

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Developmental trauma disorder: pros and cons of including formal criteria in the psychiatric diagnostic systems

Cited by 98 publications

References 120 publications

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches

Methods to Assess Adverse Childhood Experiences of Children and Families: Toward Approaches to Promote Child Well-being in Policy and Practice

Design, development and validity testing of the gang affiliation risk measure (GARM)

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