Developmental trajectories of adolescent cannabis use and their relationship to young adult social and behavioural adjustment: A longitudinal study of Australian youth

Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E.; Hemphill, Sheryl A.; Evans-Whipp, Tracy J.; Toumbourou, John W.; Patton, George C.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.008

Cited by 49 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The economic well-being of young people has been further compromised by the high costs of tuition, growing student debt, the rise in short-term and part-time employment, low wages, and delayed financial and residential independence (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2017; Morissette et al 2013; Morissette 2016). Excessive marijuana use may further disadvantage young people by diminishing cognitive functioning and motivation that impacts educational and occupational goals, facilitating engagement in social contexts which compromise academic achievement, or by creating health problems that are incompatible with educational and occupational success (Fergusson and Boden 2008; Scholes-Balog et al 2016; Zhang et al 2016). …”

Section: Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the evidence is mixed and there is a growing number of studies finding no differences between trajectory groups and only weak or non-significant associations between marijuana use and educational and occupational outcomes, particularly after accounting for covariates such as sex, parent education, alcohol and tobacco use, and mental health and behavioral problems (Lee et al 2015b; McCaffrey et al 2010; Mokrysz et al 2016; Popovici and French 2014; Scholes-Balog et al 2016; White et al 2015). Moreover, compared to evidence of the association between marijuana use and other health outcomes (i.e., mental health, injury, driving), there is much less research on the association between marijuana use and psychosocial outcomes (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2017).…”

Section: Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

et al. 2018

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Adolescence and young adulthood is a critical stage when the economic foundations for life-long health are established. To date, there is little consensus as to whether marijuana use is associated with poor educational and occupational success in adulthood. We investigated associations between trajectories of marijuana use from ages 15 to 28 and multiple indicators of economic well-being in young adulthood including achievement levels (i.e., educational attainment and occupational prestige), work characteristics (i.e., full vs part-time employment, hours worked, annual income), financial strain (i.e., debt, trouble paying for necessities, delaying medical attention), and perceived workplace stress. Data were from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey, a 10-year prospective study of a randomly recruited community sample of 662 youth (48% male; M = 15.5), followed biennially for six assessments. Models adjusted for baseline age, sex, SES, high school grades, heavy drinking, smoking, and internalizing and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Chronic users (our highest risk class) reported lower levels of educational attainment, lower occupational prestige, lower income, greater debt, and more difficulty paying for medical necessities in young adulthood compared to abstainers. Similarly, increasers also reported lower educational attainment, occupational prestige, and income. Decreasers, who had high early use but quit over time, showed resilience in economic well-being, performing similar to abstainers. Groups did not differ on employment status or perceived workplace stress. The findings indicate that early onset and persistent high or increasingly frequent use of marijuana in the transition from adolescent to young adulthood is associated with risks for achieving educational and occupational success, and subsequently health, in young adulthood.

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Section: Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

et al. 2018

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“…Whereas this association might be attributable to the persistence of use or prolonged exposure to marijuana, some researchers have hypothesized that this association may be due to the drug’s effects on the developing brain and neurocognitive functioning of adolescents (for review see, e.g., Jacobus et al, 2009; Lisdahl et al, 2014). The association between adolescent marijuana use and other outcomes, including lower academic achievement and educational attainment (e.g., Lynskey and Hall, 2000; Lynskey et al, 2003; Maggs et al, 2015; Silins et al, 2015; Stiby et al, 2015), executive functioning (e.g., Fontes et al, 2011) and interference with the successful transition into adulthood (Brook et al, 2002; Fergusson and Boden, 2008; Lynskey and Hall, 2000; Scholes-Balog et al, 2016), has also been reported. However, there is some recent evidence from twin studies that suggests the association between adolescent marijuana use and deficits in cognitive functioning and academic outcomes may be due to common risk factors, such as other substance use (Mokrysz et al, 2016) and family environment (Jackson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The association between regular marijuana use and adult mental health outcomes

Guttmannova

Kosterman

White

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Objective The present study is a prospective examination of the relationship between regular marijuana use from adolescence through young adulthood and mental health outcomes at age 33. Methods Data came from a gender-balanced, ethnically diverse longitudinal panel of 808 participants from Seattle, Washington. Outcomes included symptom counts for six mental health disorders. Regular marijuana use was tracked during adolescence and young adulthood. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and early environment, behaviors, and individual risk factors. Results Nonusers of marijuana reported fewer symptoms of alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence, and generalized anxiety disorder than any category of marijuana users. More persistent regular marijuana use in young adulthood was positively related to more symptoms of cannabis use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and nicotine dependence at age 33. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of avoiding regular marijuana use, especially chronic use in young adulthood. Comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts focusing on marijuana and other substance use might be particularly important in the context of recent legalization of recreational marijuana use in Washington and other U.S. states.

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“…Approximately 4.2 million persons in U.S. had a cannabis use disorder in 2014, of whom approximately 700,000 were adolescents (who may be at particular long-term risk with heavy cannabis exposure) [102,104]. …”

Section: Market Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medications for substance use disorders (SUD): emerging approaches

Butelman

Kreek

2017

Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs

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Introduction: Substance use disorders are a group of chronic relapsing disorders of the brain, which have massive public health and societal impact. In some disorders (e.g., heroin / prescription opioid addictions) approved medications have a major long-term benefit. For other substances (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis) there are no approved medications, and for alcohol there are approved treatments, which are not in wide usage. Approved treatments for tobacco use disorders are available, and novel medications are also under study. Areas covered: Medication-based approaches which are in advanced preclinical stages, or which have reached proof-of concept clinical laboratory studies, as well as clinical trials. Expert opinion: Current challenges involve optimizing translation between preclinical and clinical development, and between clinical laboratory studies to therapeutic clinical trials. Comorbidities including depression or anxiety are challenges for study design and analysis. Improved pharmacogenomics, biomarker and phenotyping approaches are areas of interest. Pharmacological mechanisms currently under investigation include modulation of glutamatergic, GABA, vasopressin and κ-receptor function, as well as inhibition of monoamine re-uptake. Other factors that affect potential market size for emerging medications include stigma, availability of treatment settings, adoption by clinicians, and the prevalence of persons with SUD who are not actively treatment-seeking.

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Developmental trajectories of adolescent cannabis use and their relationship to young adult social and behavioural adjustment: A longitudinal study of Australian youth

Cited by 49 publications

References 38 publications

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

The association between regular marijuana use and adult mental health outcomes

Medications for substance use disorders (SUD): emerging approaches

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