Developmental toxicity of di-isodecyl and di-isononyl phthalates in rats

Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations

“…For example, peroxisome proliferation, a likely mode of action for liver tumors in mice, was not observed when DiNP was administered by gavage to monkeys (Pugh et al 2000;Hall et al 1999). DiNP also caused skeletal and urinary system developmental toxicity in rats exposed prenatally to DiNP at maternally toxic doses (Hellwig et al 1997;Waterman et al 1999). Studies of fetal testicular testosterone production and other reproductive endpoints from prenatal DiNP exposure in rats have produced conflicting results, possibly due to experimental differences in the route, timing, and levels of dosing (Boberg et al 2011;Adamsson et al 2009;Borch et al 2004;Masutomi et al 2003;Waterman et al 2000;Gray et al 2000).…”

Exposure Marker Discovery of Phthalates Using Mass Spectrometry

“…47) A combination of di erent analytical technologies and data mining tools is needed to e ciently and thoroughly identify metabolites for discovering the biomarkers of exposure, toxic e ects, or diseases. To achieve that, IPF is a stable isotope-based metabolomics approach using compound labeled with 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, or 18 O that can be used to facilitate identi cation of the metabolites. 42,48,49) e stable isotope ratio (1 : 1) from spiked native and isotope-labeled compounds were used for metabolite signal detection.…”

“…14) Skin may come into direct contact with phthalate-containing products. 15) Phthalates such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are endocrine disruptors and may a ect reproductive outcomes, the development of the male reproductive tract, [16][17][18] and sexual di erentiation in male rats. 16,19,20) Epidemiological studies have also revealed that exposure to several commonly used phthalates such as DBP and DHEP can alter sex steroid hormone levels in human subjects.…”

Urinary metabolites of diisodecyl phthalate in rats

“…It appears that liver and kidney tumors induced by DiDP are the result of non-genotoxic processes (McKee et al, 2000). In some animal studies, prenatal developmental and reproductive toxicity of DiDP were also reported (Hellwig et al, 1997;Hushka et al, 2001;Kavlock et al, 2002;Waterman et al, 1999).…”