Developmental Toxicity Assessment of a Chlorothalonil-Based Fungicide in a Native Amphibian Species

Acquaroni, Mercedes; Svartz, Gabriela Verónica; Coll, Cristina Silvia Pérez

doi:10.1007/s00244-020-00734-x

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 39 publications

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“…Indeed, residues of this fungicide have been found in wild amphibian tissues (e.g., liver) along with other pesticides, posing a potential risk to their health and survival [30,31]. In amphibians, chlorothalonil has been found to be highly toxic [32][33][34]. It can reduce survival, affect growth and development, impact corticosterone levels, cause immunosuppression, and change disease susceptibility [33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fungicide Chlorothalonil Changes the Amphibian Skin Microbiome: A Potential Factor Disrupting a Host Disease-Protective Trait

Jiménez

Alvarado

Ruepert

et al. 2021

Applied Microbiology

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The skin microbiome is an important part of amphibian immune defenses and protects against pathogens such as the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the skin disease chytridiomycosis. Alteration of the microbiome by anthropogenic factors, like pesticides, can impact this protective trait, disrupting its functionality. Chlorothalonil is a widely used fungicide that has been recognized as having an impact on amphibians, but so far, no studies have investigated its effects on amphibian microbial communities. In the present study, we used the amphibian Lithobates vibicarius from the montane forest of Costa Rica, which now appears to persist despite ongoing Bd-exposure, as an experimental model organism. We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the effect of chlorothalonil on tadpoles’ skin microbiome. We found that exposure to chlorothalonil changes bacterial community composition, with more significant changes at a higher concentration. We also found that a larger number of bacteria were reduced on tadpoles’ skin when exposed to the higher concentration of chlorothalonil. We detected four presumed Bd-inhibitory bacteria being suppressed on tadpoles exposed to the fungicide. Our results suggest that exposure to a widely used fungicide could be impacting host-associated bacterial communities, potentially disrupting an amphibian protective trait against pathogens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fungicide Chlorothalonil Changes the Amphibian Skin Microbiome: A Potential Factor Disrupting a Host Disease-Protective Trait

Jiménez

Alvarado

Ruepert

et al. 2021

Applied Microbiology

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Acute aquatic toxicity of two commonly used fungicides to midwestern amphibian larvae

Hopkins

Hoverman

2023

Ecotoxicology

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Fungicide usage has increased globally in response to the rise in fungal pathogens, especially in the agricultural sector. Consequently, fungicides are not only increasingly found in water quality surveys, but they are also often the most detected pesticide type. However, research examining the toxicity of fungicides is still limited for many aquatic species. In this study, we examined the acute toxicity of two widely used fungicides, chlorothalonil and pyraclostrobin, on six larval amphibian species across multiple families using 96-h LC50 tests. We found that pyraclostrobin was approximately 3.5x more toxic than chlorothalonil; estimated LC50 values ranged from 5-18 µg/L for pyraclostrobin and 15-50 µg/L for chlorothalonil. Comparing across amphibian groups, we found that salamanders were 3x more sensitive to pyraclostrobin than anuran species and equally as sensitive to chlorothalonil. Notably, our estimated LC50 values are close in magnitude to the expected environmental concentration for these fungicides suggesting environmental exposures could lead to direct mortality in these species. Given the widespread and increasing usage of fungicides, additional work should be conducted to assess the general risk posed by these chemicals to amphibian and their associated aquatic habitats.

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Chlorothalonil

Raman¹,

Bhavnani²

2024

Encyclopedia of Toxicology

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Developmental Toxicity Assessment of a Chlorothalonil-Based Fungicide in a Native Amphibian Species

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

The Fungicide Chlorothalonil Changes the Amphibian Skin Microbiome: A Potential Factor Disrupting a Host Disease-Protective Trait

The Fungicide Chlorothalonil Changes the Amphibian Skin Microbiome: A Potential Factor Disrupting a Host Disease-Protective Trait

Acute aquatic toxicity of two commonly used fungicides to midwestern amphibian larvae

Chlorothalonil

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