Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration (VMI): An Effective Outcome Measure for Handwriting Interventions for Kindergarten, First-Grade, and Second-Grade Students?

Abstract

MeSH TERMS handwriting motor skills outcome assessment (health care) visual perceptionWe determined whether a widely used assessment of visual-motor skills, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), is appropriate for use as an outcome measure for handwriting interventions. A two-group pretest-posttest design was used with 207 kindergarten, first-grade, and secondgrade students. Two well-established handwriting measures and the VMI were administered pre-and postintervention. The intervention group participated in the Size Matters Handwriting Program for 40 sessions, and the control group received standard instruction. Paired and independent-samples t tests were used to analyze group differences. The intervention group demonstrated significant improvements on the handwriting measures, with change scores having mostly large effect sizes. We found no significant difference in change scores on the VMI, t(202) 5 1.19, p 5 .23. Results of this study suggest that the VMI may not detect changes in handwriting related to occupational therapy intervention.

Association Between Preschoolers’ Specific Fine (But Not Gross) Motor Skills and Later Academic Competencies: Educational Implications

“…(2) recommendations and examples of the motor activities proposed by the Health, Social Services and Equality Ministry and Education, Culture and Sports Ministry of Spanish Government (2017) to be carried out in schools in order to improve student motor skills during the period of ECE; (3) existing empirical studies in the scientific literature on the topic that describe activities to be used for the assessment of these childhood motor skills (Franjoine et al, 2010;Grissmer et al, 2010;Pfeiffer et al, 2015;Frick and Möhring, 2016;Gu, 2016;Hestbaek et al, 2017;Oberer et al, 2017;Stein et al, 2017;Cadoret et al, 2018;Chang and Gu, 2018); 4 (Newborg et al, 1996); Childhood Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire (CUMANIN; Portellano et al, 2000); Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS; Franjoine et al, 2003); and The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI;Beery et al, 2010).…”

Relação entre integração visomotora e destreza manual em crianças com transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação

“…It is a standardized test of copying geometric shapes, using paper and pencil, to verify the level of integration of visual and motor systems. The VMI has good indexes of reproducibility of measurements and inter-rater reliability, which for the normative child group is 0.93 (Pfeiffer et al, 2015). The test consists of three parts: visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination.…”

“…The test in the child takes 15 to 25 minutes and their score is based on the correction of each figure, according to the established pass or fails criteria (Beery & Beery, 2010). occupational therapists commonly used VMI in the process of assessing writing legibility and performance in school activities, assessing the individual's ability to coordinate vision with the hand and finger motor skills (Pfeiffer et al, 2015). VMI can be used in any country because it is relatively independent of cultural issues (Pereira et al, 2011).…”

Efektifitas Latihan Integrasi Visual Motorik terhadap Kemampuan Kesiapan Menulis Anak Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

“…Belum ada penelitian di Indonesia yang meneliti bagaimana integrasi visual motorik berperanan dalam kemampuan kesiapan menulis pada anakanak ADHD. Ada banyak faktor yang berpengaruh seperti persepsi visual, motor planning, motor memory, sequencing (Pfeiffer et al, 2015). Menurut (Oraky et al, 2017), integrasi visual-motor adalah prediktor yang sangat penting dalam performa kesiapan menulis.…”

“…One group pre-experimental study tipe pretest-posttest design digunakan pada penelitian ini. (Pfeiffer et al, 2015). Cara penilaian dengan cara anak diminta membentuk atau membuat garis vertikal ‫,)|(‬ garis horizontal (─), lingkaran (O), garis tambah (+), garis miring kanan dan kiri (/,\), bentuk persegi (□), bentuk segitiga (▲), garis silang (X), diberi skor 1 bila memenuhi kriteria, dan 0 bila tidak memenuhi kriteria.…”