“…This proboscis extension response (PER) first reflects the integration of gustatory perception and motivation for sugar and then allows feeding. Sucrose-elicited PER has been described and involved in associative learning in restrained insects including moths (Hartlieb, 1996; Fan et al, 1997; Hartlieb et al, 1999a,b; Fan and Hansson, 2001; Skiri et al, 2005; Jorgensen et al, 2007), butterflies (Kroutov et al, 1999), bees (Menzel, 1999, 2012; Page and Erber, 2002; Sandoz, 2011; Giurfa and Sandoz, 2012; Giurfa, 2015) and flies (Fresquet, 1999; Chabaud et al, 2006); similar feeding-related responses exist in ants (Guerrieri and d’Ettorre, 2010; Perez et al, 2013), crickets (Matsumoto et al, 2015), and bugs (Vinauger et al, 2013; Labrousse et al, 2017). PER has been used by Scheiner and her colleagues to assess responsiveness to sucrose in bees and flies (Scheiner et al, 2004a,b, 2013; Mujagic et al, 2010).…”