Developmental Structural Tooth Defects in Dogs – Experience From Veterinary Dental Referral Practice and Review of the Literature

Boy, Sonja C.; Crossley, David A.; Steenkamp, Gerhard

doi:10.3389/fvets.2016.00009

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Heritable, systemic, or local insults that disrupt this process may result in morphological abnormalities of the teeth (2). Developmental abnormalities of the dentition previously reported in dogs include enamel hypoplasia, dentinogenesis imperfecta, developmental tooth discoloration, gemination, fusion, concrescence, dens invaginatus, enamel pearls, supernumerary roots, hyponumerary roots, root dilaceration, regional odontodysplasia, and dentin dysplasia (1,2,19,20). In this study, we provide an indepth description of a previously reported but incompletely characterized developmental abnormality that affects mandibular first molar teeth in dogs: the presence of abnormal mineralized tissue surrounded by disorganized dentin within the tooth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several types of dental developmental abnormalities have been described in dogs (1,2) and humans (3). Dental developmental abnormalities are clinically relevant because they can result in aberrant pulp chamber anatomy that predisposes affected teeth to pulp necrosis, or structural irregularities that create plaqueretentive surfaces which predispose periodontitis or caries lesion formation (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

Rine

Choi

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Objective: To document the clinical, radiographic, and histological characteristics of mandibular first molar teeth with developmental abnormalities previously attributed to dens invaginatus and enamel pearls in dogs. Materials and Methods: Affected mandibular first molar teeth from dogs were evaluated grossly and via intraoral radiography. Endodontically and/or periodontally compromised teeth were extracted and subjected to some combination of micro-computed tomography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry with anti-amelogenin antibody. Results: Six dogs with developmental abnormalities of mandibular first molar teeth were identified, representing 11 affected teeth. The condition was bilateral in 5 dogs, while in 1 dog, only one mandibular first molar tooth was present. Patient weight ranged from 1.7 to 6 kg (median = 4.09 kg). On intraoral radiographs, root convergence or parallelism was noted in 6 of 11 teeth, and root dilaceration was noted in 3 of 11 teeth. Eight teeth required extraction due to periapical lucencies or periodontitis. On micro-CT, the abnormal teeth were characterized by the presence of abnormal, heterogenous hard tissue with beam attenuation characteristics midway between that of enamel and dentin. Enamel fissures were identified in 4 of 8 teeth, while ectopic radicular enamel was identified in 2 of 8 teeth. The abnormal tissue was traversed by channels measuring 20-40 µm in diameter. Channels communicated with the enamel fissures in 2/8 teeth, the furcation in 2/8 teeth and the pulp in 4/8 teeth. The abnormal tissue was frequently surrounded by disorganized dentin. Histologic features of enamel and dentin were absent from the abnormal tissue and immunohistochemistry to detect amelogenin in the abnormal tissue was negative in all samples. Conclusion: The dental abnormalities described here correspond to a previously unrecognized developmental abnormality involving the mandibular first molar teeth in dogs. The developmental origin of the abnormal tissue could not be ascertained, and further investigations are required to determine the mode of formation, origin of Ng et al. Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs the abnormal tissue, and factors associated with development. These developmental abnormalities more closely resemble molar-incisor malformation, rather than dens invaginatus or enamel pearls as described in humans. The authors propose that affected mandibular first molar teeth simply be referred to as having carnassial tooth malformations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

Rine

Choi

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Therefore, it is not surprising that enamel hypoplasia has been observed in many breeds, although only one other mutation causing a heritable enamel hypoplasia has been characterized to date, an ARAI involving the enamelin gene ( ENAM ) in Italian Greyhounds [ 17 ]. One reason for this has been the relatively recent growth of the specialty of veterinary dentistry and the previous tendency to dismiss such cases as due to non-heritable causes such as canine distemper, high fevers, drugs or traumas occurring during puppy-hood [ 36 ]. The enamel dysplasia described up to this time has also been relatively mild and easily confused with plaque build-up and tooth discoloration in dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An autosomal recessive mutation in SCL24A4 causing enamel hypoplasia in Samoyed and its relationship to breed-wide genetic diversity

Pedersen

Shope²,

Liu

2017

Canine Genet Epidemiol

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BackgroundPure breeding of dogs has led to over 700 heritable disorders, of which almost 300 are Mendelian in nature. Seventy percent of the characterized mutations have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, indicative of positive selection during bouts of inbreeding primarily for new desired conformational traits. Samoyed suffer from several common complex genetic disorders, but up to this time only two X-linked and one autosomal dominant disorder have been identified. Previous studies based on pedigrees and SNP arrays have concluded that Samoyed breeders have done a good job in maintaining genetic diversity and avoiding excessive inbreeding. This may explain why autosomal recessive disorders have not occurred to the extent observed in many other breeds. However, an enamel hypoplasia analogous to a form of autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI) in humans has been recently characterized in Samoyed, although the causative mutation appears to have existed for three or more decades. The rise of such a mutation indicates that bouts of inbreeding for desired conformational traits are still occurring despite an old and well-defined breed standard. Therefore, the present study has two objectives: 1) measure genetic diversity in the breed using DNA and short tandem repeats (STR), and 2) identify the exact mutation responsible for enamel hypoplasia in the breed, possible explanations for its recent spread, and the effect of eliminating the mutation on existing genetic diversity.ResultsThe recent discovery of an autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (ARAI) in Samoyed provides an opportunity to study the mutation as well as genetic factors that favored its occurrence and subsequent spread. The first step in the study was to use 33 short tandem repeat (STR) loci on 25/38 autosomes and seven STRs across the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class I and II regions on CFA12 to determine the DNA-based genetic profile of 182 individuals from North America, Europe and Australia. Samoyed from the three continents constituted a single breed with only slight genetic differences. Breed-wide genetic diversity was low, most likely from a small founder population and subsequent artificial genetic bottlenecks. Two alleles at each autosome locus occurred in 70–95% of the dogs and 54% of alleles were homozygous. The number of DLA class I and II haplotypes was also low and three class I and two class II haplotypes occurred in 80–90% of individuals. Therefore, most Samoyed belong to two lines, with most dogs possessing a minority of existing genetic diversity and a minority of dogs containing a majority of diversity. Although contemporary Samoyed lack genetic diversity, the bulk of parents are as unrelated as possible with smaller subpopulations either more inbred or outbred than the total population. A familial disorder manifested by hypocalcification of enamel has been recently identified. A genome wide association study (GWAS) on seven affected and five unrelated healthy dogs pointed to a region of extended homozygosity o...

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“…The increased thickness of the cementum results from abnormal cementogenesis (Page & Schroeder, 1982;Leider & Garbarino, 1987;Consolaro, Consolaro & Francischone, 2012). The etiological factors are not completely understood to date, but they include localized trauma, inflammation, periodontitis, excessive tooth eruption, osteitis deformans (a chronic bone disorder), or may occur idiopathically (Page & Schroeder, 1982;Leider & Garbarino, 1987;Woodmansey, Naidu & Lerner, 2011;Boy et al, 2016). Abnormal cementogenesis can also be an adaptive response to an increased periodontal functional demand because increased or abnormal mechanical forces may stimulate cemental deposition and subsequent hypercementosis (Purkait, 2005;Consolaro et al, 2012).…”

Section: Or Diagenetic Alteration?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trauma to a developing tooth germ, some systemic diseases, a number of genetic disorders, and local inflammation can result in abnormal tooth morphology and/or enamel as well as dentin quality (e.g. Boy, Crossley & Steenkamp, ). The etiological factors for disturbance during dental development may also involve environmental parameters, such as flouride‐induced changes, or physiological stress induced by malnutrition (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental paleopathology in fossil rhinoceroses: etiology and implications

Rößner

2017

Journal of Zoology

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The identification and interpretation of paleopathological findings in the dentition of mammals have the potential to shed light on disturbed development and stress conditions. In combination with knowledge about the timing of dental development, dental pathologies can provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct specific phases in the life history of fossil taxa, as well as animal-environment interactions. The dental ontogeny of the extinct rhinoceros Prosantorhinus germanicus from the Miocene is well-known from an exceptionally preserved sample of juvenile dentaries. Two of the represented juvenile individuals each revealed a dental anomaly, which were analyzed macroscopically and via X-ray tomography in this study. One specimen documents decreased dental wear of deciduous cheek teeth, mandibular bone resorption as well as abnormal cemental deposition. At an early age, the extinct juvenile rhinoceros probably was affected by a gingival infection resulting from an accumulation of bacterial plaque. This led to a chronic gingivitis and eventually may have caused periodontitis. Furthermore, it suffered from inflammation-induced hypercementosis. Another specimen revealed an abnormal reduction in thickness of enamel in the deciduous cheek tooth. The enamel hypoplasia indicates stress experienced during the prenatal period. During a phase of environmental stress (e.g. increased fluoride exposure) or physiological stress (e.g. malnutrition) the function of the secretory ameloblasts was disrupted in the developing embryo. The present work shows that the analysis of dental paleopathologies is a useful means for retrospective assessment of specific phases in the life history of extinct animals. This adds to the picture of the living conditions of the extinct rhinoceros P. germanicus.

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Developmental Structural Tooth Defects in Dogs – Experience From Veterinary Dental Referral Practice and Review of the Literature

Cited by 27 publications

References 67 publications

Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

An autosomal recessive mutation in SCL24A4 causing enamel hypoplasia in Samoyed and its relationship to breed-wide genetic diversity

Dental paleopathology in fossil rhinoceroses: etiology and implications

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