Abstract:Metabolic disease results from a complex interaction of many factors, including genetic, physiological, behavioral and environmental influences. The recent rate at which these diseases have increased suggests that environmental and behavioral influences, rather than genetic causes, are fuelling the present epidemic. In this context, the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis has highlighted the link between the periconceptual, fetal and early infant phases of life and the subsequent development… Show more
“…We urge that further consideration of the PAR hypothesis integrates the possibility of adaptation to the environment with the constraining effects that it appears to impose on survival and reproduction, the outcomes that are important in an evolutionary context. The details behind how humans and their ancestors have evolved to respond to environmental conditions are not trivial in the context of understanding the global epidemic of metabolic diseases, and even designing interventions (17,18). Improved resolution of these details may not only give rise to more testable predictions, but also improve strategies for prevention and management of metabolic disease and other emerging health concerns.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Understanding the evolutionary processes underlying such associations is deemed to increase our understanding of the health consequences of earlylife conditions and guides the development of interventions (18). However, although the PAR hypothesis is frequently alluded to, its novel predictions have rarely been empirically tested (19,20).…”
Individuals with insufficient nutrition during development often experience poorer later-life health and evolutionary fitness. The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis proposes that poor early-life nutrition induces physiological changes that maximize fitness in similar environments in adulthood and that metabolic diseases result when individuals experiencing poor nutrition during development subsequently encounter good nutrition in adulthood. However, although cohort studies have shown that famine exposure in utero reduces health in favorable later-life conditions, no study on humans has demonstrated the predicted fitness benefit under low later-life nutrition, leaving the evolutionary origins of such plasticity unexplored. Taking advantage of a well-documented famine and unique datasets of individual life histories and crop yields from two preindustrial Finnish populations, we provide a test of key predictions of the PAR hypothesis. Known individuals from fifty cohorts were followed from birth until the famine, where we analyzed their survival and reproductive success in relation to the crop yields around birth. We were also able to test whether the long-term effects of early-life nutrition differed between individuals of varying socioeconomic status. We found that, contrary to predictions of the PAR hypothesis, individuals experiencing low early-life crop yields showed lower survival and fertility during the famine than individuals experiencing high early-life crop yields. These effects were more pronounced among young individuals and those of low socioeconomic status. Our results do not support the hypothesis that PARs should have been favored by natural selection and suggest that alternative models may need to be invoked to explain the epidemiology of metabolic diseases.developmental plasticity | silver spoon | human life-history | DoHAD
“…We urge that further consideration of the PAR hypothesis integrates the possibility of adaptation to the environment with the constraining effects that it appears to impose on survival and reproduction, the outcomes that are important in an evolutionary context. The details behind how humans and their ancestors have evolved to respond to environmental conditions are not trivial in the context of understanding the global epidemic of metabolic diseases, and even designing interventions (17,18). Improved resolution of these details may not only give rise to more testable predictions, but also improve strategies for prevention and management of metabolic disease and other emerging health concerns.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Understanding the evolutionary processes underlying such associations is deemed to increase our understanding of the health consequences of earlylife conditions and guides the development of interventions (18). However, although the PAR hypothesis is frequently alluded to, its novel predictions have rarely been empirically tested (19,20).…”
Individuals with insufficient nutrition during development often experience poorer later-life health and evolutionary fitness. The Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis proposes that poor early-life nutrition induces physiological changes that maximize fitness in similar environments in adulthood and that metabolic diseases result when individuals experiencing poor nutrition during development subsequently encounter good nutrition in adulthood. However, although cohort studies have shown that famine exposure in utero reduces health in favorable later-life conditions, no study on humans has demonstrated the predicted fitness benefit under low later-life nutrition, leaving the evolutionary origins of such plasticity unexplored. Taking advantage of a well-documented famine and unique datasets of individual life histories and crop yields from two preindustrial Finnish populations, we provide a test of key predictions of the PAR hypothesis. Known individuals from fifty cohorts were followed from birth until the famine, where we analyzed their survival and reproductive success in relation to the crop yields around birth. We were also able to test whether the long-term effects of early-life nutrition differed between individuals of varying socioeconomic status. We found that, contrary to predictions of the PAR hypothesis, individuals experiencing low early-life crop yields showed lower survival and fertility during the famine than individuals experiencing high early-life crop yields. These effects were more pronounced among young individuals and those of low socioeconomic status. Our results do not support the hypothesis that PARs should have been favored by natural selection and suggest that alternative models may need to be invoked to explain the epidemiology of metabolic diseases.developmental plasticity | silver spoon | human life-history | DoHAD
“…Such fetal programming applies to common disorders encapsulated in the metabolic syndrome (2), which are interlinked in adult men with low testosterone levels (3). Large studies from the United States (4) and Europe (5,6) also show that testosterone levels in men of all ages are declining with later year of birth.…”
Fetal growth plays a role in programming of adult cardiometabolic disorders, which in men, are associated with lowered testosterone levels. Fetal growth and fetal androgen exposure can also predetermine testosterone levels in men, although how is unknown, because the adult Leydig cells (ALCs) that produce testosterone do not differentiate until puberty. To explain this conundrum, we hypothesized that stem cells for ALCs must be present in the fetal testis and might be susceptible to programming by fetal androgen exposure during masculinization. To address this hypothesis, we used ALC ablation/regeneration to identify that, in rats, ALCs derive from stem/progenitor cells that express chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II. These stem cells are abundant in the fetal testis of humans and rodents, and lineage tracing in mice shows that they develop into ALCs. The stem cells also express androgen receptors (ARs). Reduction in fetal androgen action through AR KO in mice or dibutyl phthalate (DBP) -induced reduction in intratesticular testosterone in rats reduced ALC stem cell number by ∼40% at birth to adulthood and induced compensated ALC failure (low/normal testosterone and elevated luteinizing hormone). In DBP-exposed males, this failure was probably explained by reduced testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, which is associated with increased histone methylation (H3K27me3) in the proximal promoter. Accordingly, ALCs and ALC stem cells immunoexpressed increased H3K27me3, a change that was also evident in ALC stem cells in fetal testes. These studies highlight how a key component of male reproductive development can fundamentally reprogram adult hormone production (through an epigenetic change), which might affect lifetime disease risk.adult Leydig stem/progenitor cells | compensated Leydig cell failure | GATA4 | ethane dimethane sulfonate
“…Таке розвиткове програмування пов'язано з низькою масою тіла при народженні через вну-трішньоутробну компрометацію оточенням ди-тини, яка стає уразливою до розвитку хронічних захворювань у пізньому житті. Відповідно до кон-цепції фетального програмування, недостатність харчування плода та немовляти викликає перма-нентні структурні та функціональні зміни, які су-проводжуються високою частотою ендокринних і серцево-судинних розладів [6,46]. Негативні наслідки порушення харчування у ранньому он-тогенезі проявляються при формуванні інтелекту-альних та когнітивних здібностей, особливо при тривалому відставанні у рості [43].…”
unclassified
“…Проведені експериментальні та клінічні до-слідження свідчать про вплив епігенетичних змін на регуляторні гени, які відіграють значну роль у проведені патофізіологічних фенотипів, що ви-никають під час програмування на ранніх термі-нах розвитку. Епігенетичні процеси призводять до спадкових змін у функціонуванні генів завдя-ки пошкодженню хімічно незалежних послідов-ностей ДНК та можуть бути чинниками експресії тканинно-специфічних генів під час диференціа-ції [25,46]. Сума таких маркерів геному, описана як епігеном, вміщує 3 різні, але тісно взаємодіючі механізми, включає: ДНК метиляцію, модифіка-цію гістонів, некодовану мікроРНК.…”
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.