Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.)

Krizevski, Raz; Dudai, Nativ; Bar, Einat; Lewinsohn, Efraim

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.042

Cited by 61 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The main psychostimulant components of khat are the phenylpropylamino alkaloids: [2,6]. Although there are more than 200 identified compounds in khat leaves, the phenylpropylamino alkaloids are primarily considered to be the addictive and reinforcing agents responsible for the continued chewing behavior [2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

Atlabachew¹,

Chandravanshi²,

Redi‐Abshiro³

et al. 2013

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. The study demonstrated that by freezing or drying under different conditions, cathinone could be detected in the khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples that have been harvested for more than four months. Freeze drying or freezing in the refrigerator (−20 o C) yielded more than 73% of cathinone. Air drying, sun drying or oven drying at 60 o C resulted in a cathinone composition of 57%, 42% and 36%, respectively. The study confirmed that, freshly harvested tender leaves of khat contained exclusively of cathinone but upon sun drying, part of it decomposes to cathine and norephedrine leaving cathinone as a major component. Thus it is wrong to assume that sun drying the leaves can result complete conversion of cathinone to cathine and norephedrine. Furthermore, the results of the study confirmed that it was possible to preserve khat samples for longer periods after freeze drying or deep freezing without significant loss of cathinone.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

Atlabachew¹,

Chandravanshi²,

Redi‐Abshiro³

et al. 2013

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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“…The phenyalkylamine fraction of young shoots was found to comprise more than 90% (−)-cathinone [13,14], which has a more powerful psychostimulant effect than cathine and norephedrine [15]. During maturation, cathinone is enzymatically converted to cathine and (−)-norephedrine [9]. Sunlight-and heat-induced degradation of cathinone to cathine and norephedrine also takes place during drying of the leaves or extraction of cathinone in the laboratory [13,16].…”

Section: Phenylpropylamino Alkaloids: (-)-Cathinone [(S)-α-aminopropimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several analytical methods involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [9,17,18], gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) [8], high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) [19][20][21][22], liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [23] and capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection (EC-DAD) [24] have been developed for the determination of the phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat leaf samples. These methods have been applied in pharmacological, phytochemical, forensic and law enforcement environments.…”

Section: Phenylpropylamino Alkaloids: (-)-Cathinone [(S)-α-aminopropimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical acid-base alkaloid extraction has been widely reported for the purification of khat leaf extracts destined for GC analysis. After liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), the organic solvent containing the alkaloids is removed under a gentle stream of nitrogen or under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator and analysed directly [8,9,18,[25][26][27]. Geisshusler and Brenneisen [19] proposed a lengthy LLE procedure, followed by precipitation of the alkaloids with oxalic acid, prior to their determination by normal phase HPLC-DAD.…”

Section: Phenylpropylamino Alkaloids: (-)-Cathinone [(S)-α-aminopropimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The [9] are the main psychostimulant compounds present in khat and are considered to be the addictive agents [10]. In addition to these, about 200 compounds, including volatile organic compounds, sterols and triterpenes, more than 10 amino acids, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, tannins (7-14% by weight in dried leaves) and about 62 cathedulins have been identified in khat [7,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cation-exchange solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of khat alkaloids by reversed phase HPLC-DAD

Atlabachew¹,

Combrinck²,

McCrindle³

2015

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. Leaves of khat (Catha edulis) are masticated to elicit their psycho-stimulating properties, resulting from the presence of the phenylpropylamino alkaloids. The determination of these alkaloids is important in pharmacological, phytochemical, forensic and law enforcement environments. In this study, the use of strong cation exchange-solid phase extraction (SCX-SPE) was investigated as an alternative means of sample purification prior to the determination of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine by reversed phase (C18) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extraction parameters for SCX, including loading capacity and washing solvents, were established. An existing liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was improved in terms of recoveries obtained, by using ethyl acetate as extractant. For pure standards of the khat alkaloids, recoveries ranged from 83 to 97%. Preconcentration, using a Genevac evaporator after the addition of acidified water to the sample, restricted analyte losses when compared to concentration under nitrogen. Although comparable recoveries were obtained when preconcentration was achieved in the presence of acidified water by rotary evaporation, this method is not suitable for large sample numbers. Best recoveries, ranging from 94 to 102%, were obtained by SCX from spiked samples. Although the extraction efficiencies of LLE were lower (87-90%), LLE yielded less complex chromatograms, indicating a purer extract.

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Noradrenergic Agents

Rangan¹

2012

Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse

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Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.)

Cited by 61 publications

References 23 publications

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

Cation-exchange solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of khat alkaloids by reversed phase HPLC-DAD

Noradrenergic Agents

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