Developmental Morphology of the Inflorescence in Hexaploid Wheat Cultivars With and Without the Cultivar Norin 10 in Their Ancestry

Fisher, J. E.

doi:10.4141/cjps73-002

Cited by 53 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Jointing is the time when tiller appearance has stopped and tiller abortion begins to accelerate (Darwinkel, 1978;Kirby, 1985;McMaster et al, 1991), floret primordia initiation and differentiation of floret parts are occurring (Baker and Gallagher, 1983;Barnard, 1955;Fisher, 1973), and the flag leaf is appearing (Bauer et al, 1983;McMaster et al, 1992a). Irrigation at jointing should have the greatest effect on the yield components associated with these developmental events.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation and Culm Contribution to Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat

McMaster¹,

Wilhelm

Bartling³

1994

Agronomy Journal

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Water is generally the limiting factor in U.S. Great Plains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. With increasing demands for limited water, improving the efficacy of irrigation is critical. One technique is to irrigate during responsive stages of crop development, but few studies have examined this approach. This 2‐yr study on a Nunn clay loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll) was designed to examine the effects of irrigation, based on stage of crop development, on winter wheat yield, yield components (on a plant basis), and specific culm responses. In the first year, the treatments were control (dryland), and irrigation at late jointing. In the second year, the treatments were dryland, irrigation at late jointing, irrigation at anthesis, and irrigation at both late jointing and anthesis. Irrigation at late jointing or anthesis significantly increased grain yield and the most important yield component (spikes per plant), as well as spikelets per plant, number of kernels per plant, and kernel weight per plant. The increased spikes per plant in the irrigation treatments, particularly with late‐jointing irrigation, was due to reduced tiller abortion. Increased yield was primarily due to the contribution of more secondary tillers (T10, T11, T20, T21, T30, and T31) that produced spikes. The contribution of main stems to the total yield decreased from 92% to at most 86% with irrigation, although the dry weight of main‐stem spikes increased with irrigation. The contribution to total yield of the main yield‐producing tillers, Tl and T2, decreased from 20 to 15% and 19 to 15%, respectively, with irrigation. As with main‐stem spikes, irrigation also increased T1 and T2 spike dry weight. Therefore, the production of secondary spikes due to irrigation treatments was not at the expense of main stem or primary tiller spikes. If only one irrigation can be applied, irrigation at late jointing is recommended for central Great Plains conditions, due to its greater effect on tiller survival. This implies that developmental and physiological processes at late jointing are critical in determining final grain yield, and water stress should be avoided at this growth stage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation and Culm Contribution to Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat

McMaster¹,

Wilhelm

Bartling³

1994

Agronomy Journal

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“…The actual number is difficult to determine, in part because of imprecise definitions of DR, and because DR stage may be a function of cultivar variation in the number of single ridges established and of the length of the transition phase from vegetative to reproductive primordium initiation. Fisher (1973) reported that semi-dwarf cultivars derived from Norin 10 tended to have a longer transition period and produce many more single ridges than standard-height cultivars.…”

Section: Spikelet Primordium Initiation Submodelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single ridge is the stage when the apex first elongates, with subsequent leaf primordia ceasing further development and forming a single ridge around the apex (Williams, 1966b;Fisher, 1973). The tissue between the single ridges develops into the spikelet primordium, resulting in the DR stage.…”

Section: Spikelet Primordium Initiation Submodelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulating winter wheat spike development and growth

McMaster

Morgan

Wilhelm

1992

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

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McMaster, G.S., Morgan, J.A. and Wilhelm, W.W., 1992. Simulating winter wheat spike development and growth. Agric. For. Meteorol.,.Mechanistic crop simulation models can aid in integrating and directing research, and in improving farm management strategies. Information derived from recent research on spike development and growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was incorporated into a submodel, SPIKEGRO, and added to an existing model called SHOOTGRO. This manuscript discusses the SPIKEGRO submodel.SPIKEGRO emphasizes the reproductive functioning of the shoot apex. The complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex is outlined and quantified. All developmental events and growth stages are predicted, most using the phyllochron approach. Spikelet and floret primordium initiation, growth, and abortion; ovule fertilization and growth; and rachis and chaff growth are simulated on morphologicallyidentified culms. The phyllochron interval, rather than growing degree-days, is used throughout the model to increase flexibility in predicting yearly and within-stand variation in development. Up to six cohorts of plants are simulated simultaneously from time of emergence, using a daily time step. Initial inputs consist of general agronomic information such as planting date, density, and depth, site latitude, cultivar heightclass, soil water and N concentration, and soil characteristics (e.g. bulk density, organic carbon, parameters for a water-release curve). Cultivar differences, if known, can be incorporated by changing the input parameter file.Validation results and sensitivity analysis suggested six modifications that should improve model realism and predictions. Most of the modifications are easy corrections of simplified algorithms.SPIKEGRO integrates aboveground development and growth of individual plant components into one simulation. The model is useful in estimating development and growth throughout the growing season, and in predicting all stages of shoot apex development critical in scheduling cultural practices.

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“…Apical florets differentiate later and maternal tissues are smaller at pollination than basal florets in maize (4) and other cereal grains (5,6). Thus, it is possible that basal florets have a larger supply of nutrients in nucellus and associated tissues for use in early development ofendosperm (1 1, 12) or that the vascular transport pathway is better developed in basal than apical kernels (7,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Increased Temperature in Apical Regions of Maize Ears on Starch-Synthesis Enzymes and Accumulation of Sugars and Starch

Ou-Lee¹,

Setter²

1985

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACrApical florets of maize (Zea mays L.) ears differentiate later than basal florets and form kernels which have lower dry matter accumulation rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increasing the temperature of apical kernels during the dry matter accumulation period would alter the difference in growth rate between apical and basal kernels. Apical regions of field-grown maize (cultivar Cornell 175) ears were heated to 25 ± 3°C from 7 days after pollination to maturity (tip-heated ears) and compared with unheated ears (control). In controls, apicalkernel endosperm had 24% smaller dry weight at maturity, lower concentration of sucrose, and lower activity of ADP-Glc starch synthase than basal-kernel endosperm, whereas ADP-Glc-pyrophosphorylase (ADPG-PPase) activities were similar. In tip-heated ears apical-kernel endosperm had the same growth rate and final weight as basal-kernel endosperm and apical kernels had higher sucrose concentrations, higher ADP-Glc starch synthase activity, and similar ADPG-PPase activity. Total grain weight per ear was not increased by tip-heating because the increase in size of apical kernels was partially offset by a slight decrease in size of the basal-and middle-position kernels. Tip-heating hastened some of the developmental events in apical kernels. ADPG-PPase and ADP-Glc starch synthase activities reached peak levels and starch concentration began rising earlier in apical kernels. However, tip-heating did not shorten the period of starch accumulation in apical kernels. The results indicate that the lower growth rate and smaller size of apical kernels are not solely determined by differences in prepollination floret development.Apical kernels on maize ears have lower growth rates and smaller final size than basal kernels (9,15,16). Apical florets differentiate later and maternal tissues are smaller at pollination than basal florets in maize (4) and other cereal grains (5, 6). Thus, it is possible that basal florets have a larger supply of nutrients in nucellus and associated tissues for use in early development ofendosperm (1 1, 12) or that the vascular transport pathway is better developed in basal than apical kernels (7,18 pollination floret development solely determines the apical/basal kernel difference, temperature treatments applied after pollination might have little or no effect. This study was performed to determine whether increasing the temperature of apical kernels during the period from 7 DAP2 to maturity would alter the difference in growth rate and final size between apical and basal kernels. Ear shoots were covered at silk emergence. Four to 6 d after silk emergence, they were cut flush with husk leaves and were synchronously pollinated 2 d later. The apical regions of randomly selected primary ear shoots were thermostatically heated to 25 + 3C throughout the period from 7 to 65 DAP with heat tape. The heat tape consisted of plastic-insulated nichrome wire 28 cm in length providing 5.5 W/ear, which was wrapped around the apical region of eac...

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Developmental Morphology of the Inflorescence in Hexaploid Wheat Cultivars With and Without the Cultivar Norin 10 in Their Ancestry

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Irrigation and Culm Contribution to Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat

Irrigation and Culm Contribution to Yield and Yield Components of Winter Wheat

Simulating winter wheat spike development and growth

Effect of Increased Temperature in Apical Regions of Maize Ears on Starch-Synthesis Enzymes and Accumulation of Sugars and Starch

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