Developmental Disorders of the Knee

Shapiro, Frederic

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02021-7_5

Cited by 1 publication

(13 citation statements)

References 318 publications

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“…7 The ossification within the distal femur is the first secondary ossification center to appear in the immature skeleton, at around week 33 of gestation, followed by the ossification within the proximal tibia, and both are visible on radiographs by birth in full-term infants. 5 In contrast, the patella and the tibial tuberosity ossifications are not visible at birth. The patella ossification is visible at a median age of 3.3 years in girls and 4.7 years in boys.…”

Section: Endochondral Ossificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By week 10 of gestation, the knee joint resembles that of an adult knee. 4,5 In the future long bones, such as the femur and the tibia, this process begins within the midshaft of the cartilaginous model (future diaphysis) where chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification immediately precede the appearance of the primary ossification center. Localized vascular invasion brings osteoblastic and osteoclastic precursors, responsible for producing osteoid on the calcified matrix and osseous remodeling to generate the future medullary cavity, respectively.…”

Section: Development and Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single or multiple views of the contralateral asymptomatic side can help in ambiguous cases; however, developmental variants and pathology can be bilateral, such as OCD (15-30%), Osgood-Schlatter disease (20-30%), and bipartite patella (50%). 5,12,13 Superimposed injury or repetitive overuse can be unilateral or bilateral, and reactive overlying soft tissue edema can be subtle or below the detection threshold for radiographs.…”

Section: Radiographsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These accessory ossifications are postulated to be the result of failed fusion, possibly secondary to repetitive traction and stress acting on the patella from either or both the vastus lateralis and lateral patellofemoral retinaculum. 5,37 These unfused ossifications are classically and most commonly located along the superolateral aspect of the patella, but rare cases of lateral bipartite and superolateral tripartite have been reported. 37 Moreover, although partite patellae are often asymptomatic and incidentally discovered on imaging performed for other clinical indications, they can be a source of anterior knee pain, particularly when there is micromotion across the fibrocartilaginous synchondrosis that can occur with rigorous athletic training involving the extensor mechanism, such as squatting, climbing, and jumping.…”

Section: Partite Patellamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those who fail conservative management, surgical excision with soft tissue repair and/or release can be performed. 5,41,42…”

Section: Partite Patellamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Imaging of the Pediatric Knee

Yaya-Quezada,

Fanney,

Patel

et al. 2024

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol

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During normal development, imaging findings in the immature knee joint may mimic pathology or indicate transient sites of weakness, prone to injury. This article reviews the development of the knee joint, age- and maturation-dependent imaging considerations, and various developmental variants that can be encountered, subdivided into those that involve the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments, soft tissues, and osseous components. The tibiofemoral compartment section reviews the focal periphyseal edema zone (FOPE), ossification variants of the femoral condyles, distal femoral metaphyseal cortical irregularity from periosteal traction, and the metaphyseal subperiosteal stripe, which should be distinguished from pathologic mimickers such as endochondral ossification dysfunction, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), fibroosseous lesion, periosteal and subcortical pathologies. The patellofemoral compartment section includes a review of partite patella, dorsolateral defect, variant trochlear morphology, and maturation-dependent sites of transient weakness that are prone to injury from repetitive overuse (Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome and Osgood-Schlatter disease) and avulsion fractures (patellar sleeve and tibial tubercle avulsions). Finally, soft tissue (discoid lateral meniscus, meniscal flounce, anterior cruciate ligament variants) and osseous components (meniscal ossicle, fabella, and cyamella) are reviewed.

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Section: Endochondral Ossificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development and Maturationmentioning

confidence: 99%