Developmental Defects of the Thyroid Gland: Relationship with Advanced Maternal Age

Kırmızıbekmez, Heves; Güven, Ayla; Yıldız, Metin; Cebeci, Ayşe Nurcan; Dursun, Fatma

doi:10.4274/jcrpe.560

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Reported risk factors for transient CH were as follows: iodine deficiency or excess, prematurity, old maternal age, male gender, retinopathy of prematurity, twin pregnancy, maternal autoimmune thyroid disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and cesarean delivery (19,24,26,33,51,56,63). Reported risk factors for permanent CH with dysgenesis of the thyroid gland were as follows: female gender, familial history of CH, birth in geographical areas with a high rate of the disease, old maternal age, ethnicity (Caucasians) but not seasonality (5,15,42,50,56,61).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on the Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism

Hashemipour¹,

Samei²,

Kelishadi³

et al. 2019

J. Pediatr. Rev.

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Context: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common endocrine disorder and causes of preventable mental retardation in children. Objective: We aimed to review the reported CH-related risk factors systematically. Data Sources: In this review, all types of human studies on the risk factors related to the occurrence or high rate of CH were included. An electronic search was conducted in international and national electronic databases. The following keywords were used: "Congenital Hypothyroidism" AND "risk factor".

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on the Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism

Hashemipour¹,

Samei²,

Kelishadi³

et al. 2019

J. Pediatr. Rev.

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“…Thus, results of the current study and our past work [Hoshiko et al, ] suggest stronger associations with neonatal T4 levels in certain analyses, potentially indicating subgroup‐specific susceptibilities or modifiers of the primary relationship. Thyroid defects have been previously associated with advanced maternal age [Kirmizibekmez et al, ], which is also an established risk factor for ASD [Shelton, Tancredi, & Hertz‐Picciotto, ]. Low birth weight, too, has been associated with both TH and ASD, and results of one small study suggested higher risk of ASD in low birth weight infants with transient hypothyroxinemia [Korzeniewski et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal thyroid hormone levels in association with autism spectrum disorder

et al. 2016

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Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical in early neurodevelopment, but few studies have examined whether neonatal TH levels influence risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study linked California neonatal screening data with live birth and Department of Developmental Services records to examine newborn TH levels in relation to ASD. Thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured in newborn bloodspots as part of routine screening, in 1996 and 2002, respectively. Mean levels of T4 and TSH were compared between ASD cases and non-cases. Four hundred forty-seven thousand, fifty-nine screened, singleton births from 1996 and 446,424 from 2002 were examined, including 4,818 ASD cases. Binomial regression, using categories of T4 and TSH percentiles was used to calculate crude and adjusted risk ratios (RR). Covariates included maternal and child factors, gestational age, and age at blood draw. No significant associations were found with TSH levels and ASD in crude or adjusted analyses. ASD cases had significantly lower mean T4 levels than non-cases, but this association was no longer significant in adjusted analyses (RR in individuals in lowest 5th percentile of T4 levels = 1.13, 95% 0.93-1.37). However, this association appeared stronger in certain subgroup analyses, particularly among neonates with blood draw ≥48 hr from birth (RR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.08, 2.60), when TH levels become more stable. Thus, results from this large, population-based study did not suggest strong associations between neonatal TH and ASD, but certain subgroups of newborns with the lowest T4 levels may have modestly increased ASD risk. Autism Res 2016. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 585-592. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…[ 6 ] Another study from Turkey found an increased incidence of thyroid hypoplasia but attributed this to noninclusion of thyroid scintigraphy. [ 7 ] Indian data obtained during 1990s suggested that agenesis and/or hypoplasia was the predominant form of TD in children belonging to iodine deficient regions, and postulated that iodine deficiency may lead to TD. [ 8 ] Iodine deficiency contributing to TD seems unlikely, as our study population belongs to a nonendemic area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 3 5 ] Higher prevalence is attributed to genetic factors resulting from frequent parental consanguinity. [ 4 6 7 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agenesis and not ectopia is common in North Indian children with thyroid dysgenesis

Dayal

Sindhuja

Bhattacharya

et al. 2014

Indian J Endocr Metab

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Context:Ectopic Thyroid Gland (ETG) is known to be the most common form of thyroid dysgenesis in children with permanent congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Recent reports indicate that agenesis or hypoplasia of thyroid gland may be commoner as compared to ETG in thyroid dysgenesis (TD). There is limited information available on the proportion of different variants of TD in Indian children.Aim:To characterize the different TD variants in a cohort of North Indian children with TD.Settings and Design:Endocrinology Unit of a large Multispecialty Pediatrics Center located in North India. Retrospective review of clinical records of children with CH due to TD diagnosed between April 2004 and March 2014.Results:Diagnoses of TD in 94 children (48 boys and 46 girls) were based on combined scanning with high-resolution ultrasonography, and technetium-99m pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy. Thyroid agenesis, ectopia and hypoplasia were diagnosed in 74 (78.7%), 14 (14.8%) and 6 (6.4%) patients respectively. The mean initial serum total T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations at diagnosis were 3.03 ± 2.88 μg/dL (range 0.01–8.9) and 284.52 ± 300.67 mIU/L (range 10.03–1159.0) respectively. Patients with ETG were older at the time of diagnosis as compared to patients with hypoplasia or ectopia. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.7 ± 2.85 years (range 3 months–10 years).Conclusions:Thyroid agenesis was the most common form of TD in our children with permanent CH. Hypoplasia and ectopia were uncommon. Female preponderance, noted in many previous reports, was not seen in our patients with TD.

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Developmental Defects of the Thyroid Gland: Relationship with Advanced Maternal Age

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

A Systematic Review on the Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism

A Systematic Review on the Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism

Neonatal thyroid hormone levels in association with autism spectrum disorder

Agenesis and not ectopia is common in North Indian children with thyroid dysgenesis

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