Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Importance of Grounded Assessments and Interventions

Abstract

This focused review is based on earlier studies which have shown that both children and adults diagnosed as having developmental coordination disorder (DCD), benefited from sensorimotor therapy according to the method Retraining for Balance (RB). Different approaches and assessments for children and adults in regard to DCD are scrutinized and discussed in comparison to RB which mainly includes (a) vestibular assessment and stimulation (b) assessment and integration of aberrant primary reflexes and (c) assessment and stimulation of auditory and visual perception. Earlier results indicate that the process of Sensorimotor therapy using RB techniques could be described according to a conceptual Kinesthetic-Vestibular Developmental Model (KVDM) whereby the training elicited temporary physical and psychological regressions followed by transformations i.e., positive physical and psychological development. We have also seen that this recurring pattern is similar for children and adults. In our conceptual model vestibular stimulation (perceptual priming) stimulates the nervous system, which might enhance object-related priming. This perceptual priming will also assist the suppression of persistent aberrant primary reflexes. In order to develop effective methods for assessment and intervention of DCD over the life span the importance of primary reflex inhibition and vestibular stimulation as well as a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches have to be considered.

Developmental Language Disorder and Uninhibited Primitive Reflexes in Young Children

“…For instance, some studies have found a statistically significant correlation between uninhibited PR presence in children over 4 years old and poor physical skills (Chinello et al, 2018;Gieysztor et al, 2018). According to Niklasson et al (2018), PRs should be included for assessment and intervention of DCD. One study (Pecuch et al, 2018) showed that the occurrence of neuromotor disorders and persistent PRs in children with diagnosed psychomotor disorders is common.…”

Sensorimotor Therapy Using Vestibular Stimulation: A Complementary Method for ‘Treatment’ of Developmental Coordination Disorder and a Possible Way to Awaken the Innate Potential for a Physically Active Life

“…We have argued that a receptive vestibular system is a prerequisite for a proper vestibular function, in order for the primary reflexes to become suppressed, thereby allowing the gross motor milestones to develop. This in turn will prepare the human body for a stable erect position as well as for sensorimotor coordination e.g., [10].…”

“…With this commentary our aim is to present further characteristics of this 'psychological barrier,' which we previously have speculated to be associated with vestibular underachievement, an overlooked part in the assessments and interventions of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) [10]. We will discuss the possibility that this by then 'identified psychological barrier' is of prime importance to understand in order for therapists, teachers and trainers to be able to increase the convenience of physical activity and to reduce the risks of developing DCD.…”

Prevalence of Vestibular Dysfunction in Children With Neurological Disabilities: A Systematic Review

“…Several gaps in literature were identified in this systematic review. Previously published literature has compellingly mentioned a high prevalence of co-existence of vestibular dysfunctions with these conditions (67,71,(74)(75)(76). However, a substantial deficit in literature was identified in conditions such as TBI and CP for pediatric population groups.…”