Developmental changes in the spinning apparatus over the life cycle of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Dolejš, Petr; Buchar, Jan; Kubcová, Lenka; Smrž, Jaroslav

doi:10.1111/ivb.12055

Cited by 12 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, in the lycosids that have so far been examined, all PI are T-A (Dolejš et al 2014, data for two consecutive stadia in one female Pardosa also noted in Townley and Tillinghast 2009: 376).…”

Section: Constancy In the Number Of Non-tartipore-accommodated (Non-tmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Differences among species of Australomimetus with respect to these two characters, PLS T-A AC and 2° MiA, suggest that some species have greater silk needs during proecdysis, and ecdysis (Dolejš et al 2014), than others, but it remains to be determined why this might be so.…”

Section: Cylindrical Silk Gland (Cy) Spigotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, like ampullate silk glands, once formed and functional, non-T-A AC/PI appear to function during every subsequent stadium while T-A AC/PI function during every other subsequent stadium. Dolejš et al (2014), studying spiders of the family Lycosidae, provided persuasive evidence that relative arrangements of spigots/tartipores serving older PI/AC are to a large extent maintained during ontogeny and may, in many instances, be discerned at later stadia, this despite spigots serving newer PI and AC being added with each molt. The same conservation in positions of older PI and AC spigots/tartipores over multiple stadia was also indicated in the current study.…”

Section: Recurrent Use Of Piriform and Aciniform Silk Glands (Pi Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the lycosids they studied, Dolejš et al (2014) noted that new PI/AC spigots tended to be added centrifugally, at the periphery of spinning fields. This is likewise evident in Fig.…”

Section: Recurrent Use Of Piriform and Aciniform Silk Glands (Pi Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus)

Townley¹,

Harms²

2017

EvolSyst

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External studies of spider spinning fields allow us to make inferences about internal silk gland biology, including what happens to silk glands when the spider molts. Such studies often focus on adults, but juveniles can provide additional insight on spinning apparatus development and character polarity. Here we document and describe spinning fields at all stadia in two species of pirate spider (Mimetidae: Australomimetus spinosus, A. djuka). Pirate spiders nest within the ecribellate orb-building spiders (Araneoidea), but are vagrant, araneophagic members that do not build prey-capture webs. Correspondingly, they lack aggregate and flagelliform silk glands (AG, FL), specialized for forming prey-capture lines in araneoid orb webs. However, occasional possible vestiges of an AG or FL spigot, as observed in one juvenile A. spinosus specimen, are consistent with secondary loss of AG and FL. By comparing spigots from one stadium to tartipores from the next stadium, silk glands can be divided into those that are tartipore-accommodated (T-A), and thus functional during proecdysis, and those that are not (non-T-A). Though evidence was more extensive in A. spinosus, it was likely true for both species that the number of non-T-A piriform silk glands (PI) was constant (two pairs) through all stadia, while numbers of T-A PI rose incrementally. The two species differed in that A. spinosus had T-A minor ampullate and aciniform silk glands (MiA, AC) that were absent in A. djuka. First instars of A. djuka, however, appeared to retain vestiges of T-A MiA spigots, consistent with a plesiomorphic state in which T-A MiA (called secondary MiA) are present. T-A AC have not previously been observed in Australomimetus and the arrangement of their spigots on posterior lateral spinnerets was unlike that seen thus far in other mimetid genera. Though new AC and T-A PI apparently form throughout much of a spider's ontogeny, recurring spigot/tartipore arrangements indicated that AC and PI, after functioning during one stadium, were used again in each subsequent stadium (if non-T-A) or in alternate subsequent stadia (if T-A). In A. spinosus, sexual and geographic dimorphisms involving AC were noted. Cylindrical silk gland (CY) spigots were observed in mid-to-late juvenile, as well as adult, females of both species. Their use in juveniles, however, should not be assumed and only adult CY spigots had wide openings typical of mimetids. Neither species exhibited two pairs of modified PI spigots present in some adult male mimetids.

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Section: Constancy In the Number Of Non-tartipore-accommodated (Non-tmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Cylindrical Silk Gland (Cy) Spigotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recurrent Use Of Piriform and Aciniform Silk Glands (Pi Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the lycosids they studied, Dolejš et al (2014) noted that new PI/AC spigots tended to be added centrifugally, at the periphery of spinning fields. This is likewise evident in Fig.…”

Section: Recurrent Use Of Piriform and Aciniform Silk Glands (Pi Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus)

Townley¹,

Harms²

2017

EvolSyst

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show abstract

“…in spiders (Wąsowska ; Yu & Coddington ; Hajer ; Townley & Tillinghast ; Dolejš et al. ). Ontogenetic studies of silk spinning apparatuses in spiders could reveal additional information on the ancestral traits and silk use behaviors, much like web ontogeny studies illuminated web evolution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of Tengella perfuga (Araneae: Zoropsidae)

Alfaro

Griswold

Miller

2018

Invertebrate Biology

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Silk is the most recognizable trait of spiders, and silk use has changed throughout spider evolutionary history. While morphology of the adult silk spigot has been a useful character for systematics, few studies have examined the ontogeny of the spinning apparatus, and none of these included cribellate spiders. Here, we report the first published full ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of a cribellate spider, Tengella perfuga. We found the presence of expected spigots: major ampullate gland and piriform gland spigots on the anterior lateral spinneret, minor ampullate gland and aciniform gland spigots on the posterior median spinneret, and aciniform gland spigots on the posterior lateral spinneret. Females, but not males, possessed cylindrical gland spigots on both the posterior median and lateral spinnerets. Spiderlings did not possess a functioning cribellum until the third instar. The cribellum grew with increasing numbers of spigots, but functionality was lost in adult males. Most intriguingly, second instars possessed a distinct triad of pre‐spigots on the posterior lateral spinneret. From the third instar onward, these structures formed the modified spigot along with two flanking spigots (in females) or formed nubbins (in males). We suggest that the modified spigot serves as the source of axial lines in the cribellate silk produced in T. perfuga. We also compare spigot ontogeny from previous studies of ecribellate spiders. These comparisons warrant further exploration using the recent spider tree of life in a phylogenetic comparative analysis of spigot ontogeny datasets, which could yield evidence for homologous spigots across the Araneomorphae, notably the Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis (RTA) clades.

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Structural Effects of Glue Application in Spiders—What Can We Learn from Silk Anchors?

Wolff

2017

Bio-Inspired Structured Adhesives

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Developmental changes in the spinning apparatus over the life cycle of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus)

Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus)

The ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of Tengella perfuga (Araneae: Zoropsidae)

Structural Effects of Glue Application in Spiders—What Can We Learn from Silk Anchors?

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