Developmental changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism and the inhibition by in ovo feeding oleic acid in Muscovy duck embryogenesis

Effects of fermented cottonseed meal inclusions on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and hepatic lipid metabolism of geese during 28–70 d of age

“…Fatty acid profiles of the liver tissues were reported as percentages of total FA. The gene mRNA expression was performed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR ) method as described previously ( Zhang et al, 2023 ). Total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, CA) and reverse transcription of the RNA was conducted using the Primer Script RT Reagent Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China).…”

The developmental pattern related to fatty acid uptake and oxidation in the yolk sac membrane and jejunum during embryogenesis in Muscovy duck

“…Lipid extraction and fatty acid analysis of YS samples were determined as described previously ( Zhang et al, 2023 ). The YS samples were vacuumed frozen and dried (FD8-5, Gold Sim, CA) and ether extract analysis was conducted according to procedures from AOAC International 2007.01 ( Lehotay et al, 2007 ) using a solvent extraction system (ST 255 Soxtec, FOSS, Hillerod, Denmark).…”

“…The distribution of lipids within the YS undergoes dynamic changes across various embryonic stages and is transferred to embryos directly into the intestine via the YS stalk or through the highly vascularized yolk sac membrane ( YSM ) ( Ding and Lilburn, 1996 ; Meng et al, 2021 ). As the energy demand increases during embryogenesis, fatty acids ( FA ) in the yolk can be mobilized more dramatically to support embryonic growth via enhancing mitochondrial β -oxidation for ATP generation ( Ornoy and Miller, 2023 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ). Additionally, the YS generates the first blood and immune cells, while the jejunum serves as the primary absorption site ( Goh et al, 2023 ).…”