Developmental Anatomy of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature

Anand‐Apte, Bela; Hollyfield, Joe G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374203-2.00169-x

Cited by 57 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Typically, compared with retinal veins, retinal arteries in this area have a thicker muscle layer and may exhibit a greater vasoconstrictor response effect to pressure stimuli (Anad‐Apte & Hollyfield 2011). As endothelial cells line both retinal arteries and veins (Anad‐Apte & Hollyfield 2011), greater vein vasodilator effects are unclear compared with artery. Thus, comparison of retinal arteries and veins to various stimuli and metabolites merits further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of retinal vasodilator and constrictor responses in type 2 diabetes

Lott

Slocomb

Shivkumar

et al. 2012

Acta Ophthalmologica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT.Purpose: The retinal blood vessels provide a unique way to directly examine the human microvasculature, which is frequently damaged in individuals with diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that retinal flickering light-induced vasodilation and hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction may operate by enhancing or reducing similar vasoregulatory factor(s), but a comparison between these two provocative stimuli in individuals with diabetes has not been studied. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between retinal flickering light-induced vasodilation and retinal hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction in type 2 diabetic subjects and in healthy controls. Methods: Twenty men and women with type 2 diabetes and 10 men and women without diabetes between 21 and 75 years of age were recruited. Changes in retinal artery and vein diameters to flickering light and during hyperoxia (100% oxygen) stimuli were measured on the same visit using a noninvasive retinal imaging device (Dynamic Vessel Analyzer, Imedos Inc., Germany). Results: Compared with controls, diabetic subjects had impaired arterial vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses to both flickering light and hyperoxia, respectively (both p < 0.001). Merging both groups, an inverse correlation (r = )0.56; p = 0.003) between the retinal artery's responses to flickering light-induced vasodilation and hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction was demonstrated independent of glucose or insulin levels. Conclusion: This suggests that both responses are attenuated to a similar degree in diabetic subjects and that the attenuation to both stimuli can be observed in retinal arteries and veins. This would suggest that similar vasoregulatory factor(s) might in part help to explain the retinal diameter responses between the two stimuli. One suggested common vasoregulator of vascular tone is nitric oxide; however, other factor(s) may be involved, which contribute to this association and require further research.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of retinal vasodilator and constrictor responses in type 2 diabetes

Lott

Slocomb

Shivkumar

et al. 2012

Acta Ophthalmologica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These events are critical for establishing functional circulation of the eye during development as well as during progression of neovascular disease. Only selected aspects of retinal vasculature development are discussed here, and the reader is referred to reviews by Provis (2001), Dorrellet al (2007), Gariano(2003), Chan-Ling (2008), Anand-Apte and Hollyfield (2009) and Chan-Ling (2009) for a more complete description.…”

Section: Development Of Retinal and Choroidal Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B, Drawing showing vasculature of the retina and choroid. Drawings by Dave Schumick from Anand-Apte and Hollyfield (2009).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying blood flow regulation in the retina and choroid in health and disease

Kur

Newman

Chan‐Ling

2012

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

537

455

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We review the cellular and physiological mechanisms responsible for the regulation of blood flow in the retina and choroid in health and disease. Due to the intrinsic light sensitivity of the retina and the direct visual accessibility of fundus blood vessels, the eye offers unique opportunities for the non-invasive investigation of mechanisms of blood flow regulation. The ability of the retinal vasculature to regulate its blood flow is contrasted with the far more restricted ability of the choroidal circulation to regulate its blood flow by virtue of the absence of glial cells, the markedly reduced pericyte ensheathment of the choroidal vasculature, and the lack of intermediate filaments in choroidal pericytes. We review the cellular and molecular components of the neurovascular unit in the retina and choroid, techniques for monitoring retinal and choroidal blood flow, responses of the retinal and choroidal circulation to light stimulation, the role of capillaries, astrocytes and pericytes in regulating blood flow, putative signaling mechanisms mediating neurovascular coupling in the retina, and changes that occur in the retinal and choroidal circulation during diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease. We close by discussing issues that remain to be explored.

show abstract

“…Unlike the choroidal blood vessels, the intraretinal blood vessels do not have fenestrae and their endothelium has tight junctions. These junctions as well as Müller cells and astrocytes that wrap retinal blood vessels establish the blood-retinal barrier that prevents the movement of large molecules in or out of the retinal vessels (Anand-Apte and Hollyfield, 2011). …”

Section: 0 Nr Rpe and Brmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholesterol in the retina: The best is yet to come

Pikuleva

Curcio

2014

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

229

227

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Historically understudied, cholesterol in the retina is receiving more attention now because of genetic studies showing that several cholesterol-related genes are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and because eye pathology studies showing high cholesterol content of drusen, aging Bruch's membrane, and newly found subretinal lesions. The challenge before us is determining how the cholesterol-AMD link is realized. Meeting this challenge will require an excellent understanding these genes’ roles in retinal physiology and how chorioretinal cholesterol is maintained. In the first half of this review, we will succinctly summarize physico-chemical properties of cholesterol, its distribution in the human body, general principles of maintenance and metabolism, and differences in cholesterol handling in human and mouse that impact on experimental approaches. This information will provide a backdrop to the second part of the review focusing on unique aspects of chorioretinal cholesterol homeostasis, aging in Bruch's membrane, cholesterol in AMD lesions, a model for lesion biogenesis, a model for macular vulnerability based on vascular biology, and alignment of AMD-related genes and pathobiology using cholesterol and an atherosclerosis-like progression as unifying features. We conclude with recommendations for the most important research steps we can take towards delineating the cholesterol-AMD link.

show abstract

Developmental Anatomy of the Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature

Cited by 57 publications

References 1 publication

Comparison of retinal vasodilator and constrictor responses in type 2 diabetes

Comparison of retinal vasodilator and constrictor responses in type 2 diabetes

Cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying blood flow regulation in the retina and choroid in health and disease

Cholesterol in the retina: The best is yet to come

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About