Developmental analysis of consistency in children's handwriting movements using dynamic time warping technology

Technology-based methods for the assessment of fine and gross motor skill in children: A systematic overview of available solutions and future steps for effective in-field use

“…Six of the studies included in this review focussed, broadly, on fine motor skill in the form of graphomotor assessment [5][6][7][25][26][27] using some form of digitizing writing tablet.…”

“…Rueckregel et al [5]; Rosenblum et al [6]; Ren et al [7]; Waterman et al [25]; Duval et al [26] and Lin et al [27] all utilised a digitized writing tablet. The recording frequency of the devices used ranged from 60 to 200Hz, with a reported spatial resolution of 0.05 mm.…”

“…Of all the tablet-based studies, most recorded time-domain features (as noted above). Ren et al [7], on the other hand, utilised Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to assess pen tip trajectories, associated with maturation, demonstrating that spatio-temporal parameters can be attained with relative ease. Blank et al [28] utilised a force transducer with combined tri-axial accelerometer, where grip forces (by a uni-axial force transducer) and inertial forces (tangential forces, calculated from the measurements by accelerometers within the object) were recorded.…”

“…For instance, where process measures yield the quality of the movement observed in the TGMD [4]; alternatively, product type measures, which provide an indication of the outcome of the motor skill, include distance jumped, or the time taken to sprint 10m. When acquisition of a child's fine motor skill is the aim; graphomotor assessment or bi-manual prehension, i.e., picking up and moving objects [5][6][7][8][9], remains standard practice. Technological solutions based on human movement analysis methods can support motor skills assessment providing objective quantitative measures of what is traditionally assessed visually (e.g.…”