Development, validation and applications of the monocyte activation test for pyrogens based on human whole blood

Food for thought ... considerations and guidelines for basic test method descriptions in toxicology

“…Rothen-Rutishauser, 2008;Heindl et al, 2008;Wanner and Schreiner, 2008;Li, 2008a,b;Hagelschuer et al, 2009;Bahramsoltani et al, 2009;Manzer et al, 2009;Pelkonen et al, 2009;Sauer et al, 2009;Kamusella, 2009;Ullrich et al, 2009). this also involved the presentation of new test systems based on cells (Henn et al, 2009;Leist et al, 2008a;Kuegler et al, 2010;Schindler et al, 2009) in addition to in silico approaches (Vedani et al, 2009;Sauer, 2009a;Goris et al, 2009;Hartung and Hoffmann, 2009). …”

Immunotoxicology: challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities

“…One of the authors has mainly contributed to this field by the adaptation of the whole blood cytokine test, validated earlier as a pyrogen test Hoffmann et al, 2005;Daneshian et al, 2009;Schindler et al, 2009), while the other has used the whole blood assay as an in vitro assay to characterize the molecular mechanisms of action of some pesticides and as mean to assess the effects of pesticides in human exposed workers ex vivo (Corsini et al, , 2007.…”

Evidence for the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens by the whole blood monocyte activation test

“…they used the rabbit test to determine fever-inducing factors secreted from human blood monocytes. the understanding of the human fever reaction and development of elISA technologies led to the development of test systems based on the in vitro activation of human monocytes (Hansen and Christensen, 1990;WernerFelmayer et al, 1995;eperon et al, 1997;Moesby et al, 1999;Hartung et al, 2001;Dinarello, 2004;Gaines Das et al, 2004;Schindler et al, 2009) detecting lPS, NePs, and mixtures (Hermann et al, 2002;Nakagawa et al, 2002;Kikkert et al, 2007). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first used to detect pyrogens by monitoring the release of pyrogenic cytokines (Duff and Atkins, 1982), such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and Il-6.…”

“…the whole blood MAt (Schindler et al, 2009), also known as the in vitro pyrogen test (IPt or IVPt), has the advantage that no cell culture is required and no preparation artifacts occur. the cells are kept and maintained in their natural environment, i.e.…”