Development Patterns: Among Countries and Over Time

Chenery, Hollis B.; Taylor, Lance

doi:10.2307/1926806

Cited by 369 publications

(139 citation statements)

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(11 reference statements)

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“…In accounting for variation in agricultural policies, researchers tend to focus on the level of development, as signified by the degree of structural transformation and corresponding differences in the level of per capita income (Kuznets 1966;Chenery and Taylor 1968). When doing so, many highlight the paradoxical position of agriculture in the political economy of 5 Exceptions include Kenya, which adopted policies favoring agricultural trade, and Nigeria, which maintained a slightly pro-agriculture stance until the current decade.…”

Section: Explaining Policy Choices In Africa: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Interventions in Africa

Bates¹,

Block²

2009

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This paper uses new data on agricultural policy interventions to examine the political economy of agricultural trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, African governments have discriminated against agricultural producers in general (relative to producers in non-agricultural sectors), and against producers of export agriculture in particular. While more moderate in recent years, these patterns of discrimination persist. They do so even though farmers comprise a political majority. Rather than claiming the existence of a single best approach to the analysis of policy choice, we explore the impact of three factors: institutions, regional inequality, and tax revenuegeneration. We find that agricultural taxation increases with the rural population share in the absence of electoral party competition; yet, the existence of party competition turns the lobbying disadvantage of the rural majority into political advantage. We also find that privileged cash crop regions are particular targets for redistributive taxation, unless the country's president comes from that region. In addition, governments of resource-rich countries, while continuing to tax export producers, reduce their taxation of food consumers. 1 When greater than zero, the indicators suggest that government policies favor farming; when the relative rate of assistance is below zero, it suggests policies have an anti-agricultural bias.As indicated in chapter 2, governments in Africa, like those elsewhere, have adopted less distorting/more neutral policies since the 1980s. Increasingly their policies impact farming and other industries in a less biased manner. However, policies in Africa continue to alter prices in ways that discriminate against farming, and more so than in other developing country regions.In this chapter we describe the levels of protection in our sample of 20 Sub-SaharanAfrican countries 2 and the manner in which they vary; and, drawing from the literature on the political economy of agriculture, we advance and test a series of explanations for the patterns we observe. , and Zimbabwe (L). These countries account for no less than 90 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa's population, GDP, farm households and agricultural output. "C" indicates coastal; "L" indicates landlocked, and "R" indicates resource-rich. Note that for five of these countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Togo) the data refer only to cotton. We include these countries only in our analyses of agricultural exportables and tradables. The data in figure 2 suggest that Africa's governments (with the exception of those in landlocked countries) have tended to protect food crops, raising the level of domestic prices above those prevailing in world markets, while taxing cash crops. The distortions introduced by government policies have eroded over time, with nominal rates of assistance for cash crops converging toward zero. Within the region, governments of resource rich countries tend to provide the most favorable policy environment for producers of both food a...

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Section: Explaining Policy Choices In Africa: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Interventions in Africa

Bates¹,

Block²

2009

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“…PDA of Chenery(1960), Chenery and Taylor (1968), and Chenery and Syrquin (1975) focuses on a series of economic, industrial and structural process which a LAC must undergo over time in order to transform from a traditional agricultural economy to a modern industrial one. Unlike LTD, the model of PAD identifies increased savings and investments as necessary but not sufficient conditions for economic growth.…”

Section: Economic Development Theories Of the Period 1940s-1980smentioning

confidence: 99%

International Dependency and the Economic Development of Less Advanced Countries

Oumar¹,

Sama²

2015

IBR

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Dependency is a double-edge sword that can either promote or demote the status of the dependent. The case of the dependency relationship between less advanced countries (LACs) and most industrialized countries (MICs) is a pertinent example that explains the attitude developed by each party to situate and maintain itself in its current status to be classified as underdeveloped, developing or developed. This paper investigated the effects of international dependency on the economic development of LACs using the analytical approach of secondary data interpretation and found that although the dependency between LACs and MICs is bi-directional, LACs have surrendered all their potentials for attaining economic development to MICs who are steadily designing different devices such as developmental projects aids, structural adjustment programs, MDGs or good governance programs to maintain them in a state of economic and political vulnerability. In view of this, the paper recommends LACs to wake up from sleep and take their destiny in hand by building up strong institutions that can take care of their needed structural changes and basic-needs requirements before embracing the ideas of international dependence revolution models (IDRMs) and market fundamentalism models (MFMs), for no external forces may sacrifice to hold the bull by the horns for them to milk the cow.

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“…""From"this"micro]level"regularity"a" macro]level"implication"follows:"that"economic"development"implies"structural"change" (Kuznets" 1966;"Chenery"and"Taylor"1968;"Anderson"and"Hayami"1986;"Lindert"1991;"Matsuyama"1992)."" When"people"are"poor,"a"large"percentage"of"their"total"expenditure"will"be"devoted"to"food;" absent"foreign"trade"and"significant"economies"of"scale"in"farming,"the"rural"sector"therefore" will"be"large.…”

Section: ____________________________________________________________mentioning

confidence: 99%