Development of wing‐flapping and flight in normal and flap‐deprived domestic chicks

Provine, Robert R.

doi:10.1002/dev.420140317

Cited by 32 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…This agrees with considerable evidence that practice and functional significance are not necessary for the development and performance of avian wingflapping (Narayanan & Malloy, 1974;Provine, 1979Provine, , 1980Provine, , 1981aProvine, ,b, 1982a and other motor behavior (Bekoff, 1976;Bekoff, Stein, & Hamburger, 1975;Bentley & Hoy, 1970; Fentress, 1973;Grillner, 1975;Hamburger, Wenger, & Oppenheim, 1966). Another general finding was that the wing-flapping frequency of the three chickens (JF, WL, CR) increased approximately twofold during the first 2-3 weeks after hatching (see also Provine, 1981a). This is consistent with reports that limb-stroke frequency increases during the development of swimming in rats (Bekoff & Trainer, 1979) and wing-beating in locusts (Altman, 1975;Kutsch, 1971Kutsch, , 1974, moths (Kammer & Kinnamon, 1979;Kammer & Rheuben, 1976), crickets (Bentley & Hoy, 1970), and grasshoppers (Kutsch, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Comparative analysis of the development of wing‐flapping and flight in the fowl

Provine

Strawbridge

Harrison

1984

Developmental Psychobiology

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The development of wing-flapping rate, lateral flight, wing area, and the ratio of wing area to body weight are described in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and three chickens (Gallus gallus) to determine common developmental phenomena and to assess the effects of domestication. The chickens were the White Leghorn (a commercial egg producer), the Cornish X Rock (a commercial meat producer), and the Red Jungle fowl (the probable ancestor of domestic chickens). All birds performed drop-evoked wing-flapping on the day of hatching, at least 1 week before lateral flight was possible. Flapping rate of chickens doubled between hatching (approximately 4-6 Hz) and 13 days (approximately 9-12 Hz), after which it leveled off. Japanese quail (JQ) maintained a high flapping rate (approximately 11-13 Hz) during the 21 days after hatching. The Jungle fowl (JF) and JQ flapped the fastest and the White Leghorn (WL) and Cornish X Rock (CR) chickens flapped the slowest. The JF, WL, and JQ developed lateral flight at 7-9 days. The CR first flew 1-2 weeks later but subsequently became flightless. The WL, JF, and JQ had similar ratios of wing area to body weight; the ratios increased to a peak at 11-15 days and later declined. The ratio of the very heavy, essentially flightless, CR was approximately one-half that of the flighted JQ, WL, and JF. The wing-flapping frequencies of the domestic WL and CR chickens approximated that of the JF, suggesting that domestication did not affect the motor pattern generator for flight. The artificial selection of the CR for high body weight drastically diminished its flight performance by producing an unfavorable ratio of wing area to body weight. The JF and the domestic WL both flew well and had similar ratios. Domestication affected flight performance but not the neural circuitry producing wing-flapping. The central nervous system is much more conservative in its response to selection than the peripheral effector structures that it drives.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Comparative analysis of the development of wing‐flapping and flight in the fowl

Provine

Strawbridge

Harrison

1984

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…A drop lasted about 540 msec. Therefore, the flap rate per second was approximately twice the reported flap rate per drop (Provine, 1981).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Wing‐flapping develops in chickens made flightless by feather mutations

Provine

1981

Developmental Psychobiology

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Two lines of mutant, domestic chickens (scaleless and delayed feathering), flightless because they lack flight feathers, were used to evaluate the influence of flight-related experience and adaptation on the development of wing-flapping. Most testing was at 13 days because normally feathered control chicks of this age flap at adult rates and can fly. By 13 days, the wing-flapping rates of the flightless, mutant chicks and the normally feathered and flight-competent control chicks were similar. Therefore, normal adult rates of wing-flapping developed in the absence of flight-related behavioral consequences. Drop-evoked wing-flapping was probably initiated by vestibular mechanisms: feather-related mechanoreceptor and visual cues were not necessary because flapping was initiated by naked, scaleless chicks which were deprived of visual input by masking their eyes or by testing in a darkened room. The possible role of feather mutations in the evolution of avian flightlessness is also considered.

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“…In rats, the limb movement frequency -tested in water to avoid effects of weak limb musculature -increases during the first 2 weeks after birth (Bekoff and Trainer, 1979); in chickens, the wing-beat frequency increases during the 2 weeks post-hatching (Provine, 1981a); in locusts the wing-beat frequency increases after the final moult (Altman, 1975;Kutsch, 1971Kutsch, , 1974; in moths, the frequency increases before the adult stage is reached, even in the absence of an overt behaviour (Kammer and Kinnamon, 1979). In chickens, the increase starts before and continues after the behaviour (flight) becomes effective (Provine, 1981a). In locusts, the situation is most similar to amphibian tadpoles in the sense that the frequency changes occur after the behaviour (flight/swimming) is implemented (Kutsch, 1971).…”

Section: Developmental Changes In Locomotor Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental changes in head movement kinematics during swimming inXenopus laevistadpoles

Hänzi

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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During the post-embryonic developmental growth of animals, a number of physiological parameters such as locomotor performance, dynamics and behavioural repertoire are adjusted to match the requirements determined by changes in body size, proportions and shape. Moreover, changes in movement parameters also cause changes in the dynamics of self-generated sensory stimuli, to which motion-detecting sensory systems have to adapt. Here, we examined head movements and swimming kinematics of Xenopus laevis tadpoles with a body length of 10-45 mm (developmental stage 46-54) and compared these parameters with fictive swimming, recorded as ventral root activity in semi-intact in vitro preparations. Head movement kinematics was extracted from high-speed video recordings of freely swimming tadpoles. Analysis of these locomotor episodes indicated that the swimming frequency decreased with development, along with the angular velocity and acceleration of the head, which represent selfgenerated vestibular stimuli. In contrast, neither head oscillation amplitude nor forward velocity changed with development despite the ∼3-fold increase in body size. The comparison between free and fictive locomotor dynamics revealed very similar swimming frequencies for similarly sized animals, including a comparable developmental decrease of the swimming frequency. Body morphology and the motor output rhythm of the spinal central pattern generator therefore develop concurrently. This study thus describes development-specific naturalistic head motion profiles, which form the basis for more natural stimuli in future studies probing the vestibular system.

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Development of wing‐flapping and flight in normal and flap‐deprived domestic chicks

Cited by 32 publications

References 45 publications

Comparative analysis of the development of wing‐flapping and flight in the fowl

Comparative analysis of the development of wing‐flapping and flight in the fowl

Wing‐flapping develops in chickens made flightless by feather mutations

Developmental changes in head movement kinematics during swimming inXenopus laevistadpoles

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