Development of variant‐proof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, pan‐sarbecovirus, and pan‐β‐coronavirus vaccines

Abstract

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants with high transmission rates and striking immune evasion have posed a serious challenge to the application of current first‐generation SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines. Other sarbecoviruses, such as SARS‐CoV and SARS‐related coronaviruses (SARSr‐CoVs), have the potential to cause outbreaks in the future. These facts call for the development of variant‐proof SARS‐CoV‐2, pan‐sarbecovirus or pan‐β‐CoV vaccines. Several novel vaccine platforms have been used to develop vaccines with broad‐spectrum neutralizing antibody responses and protective immunity to combat the current SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants, other sarbecoviruses, as well as other β‐CoVs, in the future. In this review, we discussed the major target antigens and protective efficacy of current SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines and summarized recent advances in broad‐spectrum vaccines against sarbecoviruses and β‐CoVs.

Update on Innate Immunity in Acute Kidney Injury—Lessons Taken from COVID-19

“…This area of research is a matter of the utmost importance, because SARS-CoV-2 has not yet revealed the full spectrum of its multifaceted nature. Undoubtedly, new variants are just around the corner, ready to test patients’ and scientists’ flexibility, but also to give stimulus to new discoveries in the area of effective prevention and therapy [ 76 ].…”

Intranasal Boosting with Spike Fc-RBD of Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 Induces Neutralizing Antibodies against Omicron Subvariants and Reduces Viral Load in the Nasal Turbinate of Mice

“…The most recent Omicron subvariants, such as the recombinant XBB.1 and BA.5, can largely evade the neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection or vaccines against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. It would be important to find a vaccine that can generate broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies so that repeated immunizations with the same vaccine can continue to offer protection against new variants and subvariants without the need to change the immunogen of the vaccine [ 15 ]. Any change in the vaccine immunogen may arouse anxiety from the public and require a lengthy and expensive process from preclinical investigations to the three phases of clinical trials before emergency approval.…”

Potential recombination between SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV: calls for the development of Pan-CoV vaccines

“…For example, researchers at DIOSynVax used 3D computer modeling to design vaccine antigen payloads and deployed them in mRNA-, virus vector-, or protein-based β-CoV vaccines. 5 Vaccines containing multiple conserved neutralizing antibody epitopes or T cell epitopes from different β-CoVs, but simultaneously displayed on one kind of carrier, such as nanoparticles, are expected to elicit cross-reactive immune responses against multiple β-CoVs. Our team has identified a STING antagonistbased adjuvant, termed CF501, 5 that can be used for the development of highly effective and long-lasting β-CoV vaccines.…”

“…1 Another broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody, 76E1, was found to target a highly conserved S2' cleavage site and fusion peptide epitope within the S2 subunit, indicating that these regions can also be used for the development of pan-β-CoV vaccines. 5 In sum, given the high risk of SARS-CoV-2/MERS-CoV recombination, the development of pan-β-CoV vaccines as well as CoV entry and replication inhibitor-based therapeutics is urgently needed to combat the pandemics or epidemics caused by emerging SARS-CoV-3 or MERS-CoV-2 in the future. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.…”