Development of Two-Dimensional Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensor Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

New possibilities for the development of biosensors that are ready to be implemented in the field have emerged thanks to the recent progress of functional nanomaterials and the careful engineering of nanostructures. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have exceptional physical, chemical, highly anisotropic, chemically active, and mechanical capabilities due to their ultra-thin structures. The diversity of the high surface area, layered topologies, and porosity found in 2D nanomaterials makes them amenable to being engineered with surface characteristics that make it possible for targeted identification. By integrating the distinctive features of several varieties of nanostructures and employing them as scaffolds for bimolecular assemblies, biosensing platforms with improved reliability, selectivity, and sensitivity for the identification of a plethora of analytes can be developed. In this review, we compile a number of approaches to using 2D nanomaterials for biomolecule detection. Subsequently, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D nanomaterials in biosensing. Finally, both the opportunities and the challenges that exist within this potentially fruitful subject are discussed. This review will assist readers in understanding the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, their alteration by enzymes and composite materials, and the implementation of 2D material-based biosensors for efficient bioanalysis and disease diagnosis.

Contacts at the Nanoscale and for Nanomaterials

“…Two-dimensional materials, especially transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], ditelluride (MoTe 2 ) [ 24 , 25 ], tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ) [ 26 , 27 ], and phosphorene, are considered to be possible replacements for silicon when silicon-based CMOS devices reach their physical limits [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. These materials, which have high electron mobility, low optical absorption coefficient, and high electrical and thermal conductivities, could enhance the device and circuit performance in many aspects.…”

“…On the other hand, two-dimensional materials are considered promising silicon replacements when silicon-based CMOS devices reach their physical limits [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. A recent focus related to 2D materials are transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], ditelluride (MoTe 2 ) [ 24 , 25 ], tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ) [ 26 , 27 ], and phosphorene.…”

“…These advanced features could enhance the device and circuit performance in various aspects. However, there are still unresolved challenges related to mass production, complex device design, and circuit integration [ 20 ]. One of the challenges is achieving good ohmic contacts between 2D materials and metals.…”

Engineered two-dimensional nanomaterials based diagnostics integrated with internet of medical things (IoMT) for COVID-19

“…Bottom-up techniques are renowned for their ability to produce superior 2D sheets of materials. 159 The wet chemical technique is commonly employed for synthesizing non-layered materials in the form of 2D nanosheets, typically generated using solution-based chemical reactions. 160 A variety of 2DNMs, such as Rh, Pd, CdSe, PbS, CuSe, ZnSe, SnO 2 , CeO 2 , TiO 2 , In 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and WO 3 , are produced by wet chemical techniques.…”

Recent Trends and Innovations in Bead-Based Biosensors for Cancer Detection

“…Future research should focus on developing integrated systems that enable the sample processing, multiplexed analysis, and real-time monitoring of cancer biomarkers. Integration with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can enhance analytical capabilities and enable predictive modeling for personalized cancer care [167].…”