Development of Three-Dimensional Perception in Human Infants

Norcia, Anthony M.; Gerhard, Holly E.

doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035835

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 149 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The most relevant prior data for comparison to the present results is the substantial number of studies of stereo-acuity development in infants and children (for review, see Norcia and Gerhard, 2015). Stereo-acuity development is relevant here because it is controlled by mechanisms that rely on the presence of relative disparity in the display (Westheimer, 1979;McKee et al, 1990;Andrews et al, 2001). The most comparable previous study in human (Birch and Petrig, 1996) measured infant sensitivity to horizontal disparities using DRDS portraying stripes of alternating crossed and uncrossed disparity.…”

Section: Relationship To Previous Studies Of the Development Of Sterementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, cells in V1 are primarily sensitive to absolute disparity: for example, the image disparity defined relative to the fixation plane, but not relative disparity, the difference in disparity between two or more features (Cumming and Parker, 1999;Thomas et al, 2002). The perceptual system, by contrast, is quite insensitive to absolute disparity (Westheimer, 1979;Erkelens and Collewijn, 1985;Cottereau et al, 2012a), and fine depth discrimination relies on a computation of relative disparity (Westheimer, 1979;McKee et al, 1990;Andrews et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of Relative Disparity Sensitivity in Human Visual Cortex

2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Stereopsis is the primary cue underlying our ability to make fine depth judgments. In adults, depth discriminations are supported largely by relative rather than absolute binocular disparity, and depth is perceived primarily for horizontal rather than vertical disparities. Although human infants begin to exhibit disparity-specific responses between 3 and 5 months of age, it is not known how relative disparity mechanisms develop. Here we show that the specialization for relative disparity is highly immature in 4- to 6-month-old infants but is adult-like in 4- to 7-year-old children. Disparity-tuning functions for horizontal and vertical disparities were measured using the visual evoked potential. Infant relative disparity thresholds, unlike those of adults, were equal for vertical and horizontal disparities. Their horizontal disparity thresholds were a factor of ∼10 higher than adults, but their vertical disparity thresholds differed by a factor of only ∼4. Horizontal relative disparity thresholds for 4- to 7-year-old children were comparable with those of adults at ∼0.5 arcmin. To test whether infant immaturity was due to spatial limitations or insensitivity to interocular correlation, highly suprathreshold horizontal and vertical disparities were presented in alternate regions of the display, and the interocular correlation of the interdigitated regions was varied from 0% to 100%. This manipulation regulated the availability of coarse-scale relative disparity cues. Adult and infant responses both increased with increasing interocular correlation by similar magnitudes, but adult responses increased much more for horizontal disparities, further evidence for qualitatively immature stereopsis based on relative disparity at 4-6 months of age. Stereopsis, our ability to sense depth from horizontal image disparity, is among the finest spatial discriminations made by the primate visual system. Fine stereoscopic depth discriminations depend critically on comparisons of disparity relationships in the image that are supported by relative disparity cues rather than the estimation of single, absolute disparities. Very young human and macaque infants are sensitive to absolute disparity, but no previous study has specifically studied the development of relative disparity sensitivity, a hallmark feature of adult stereopsis. Here, using high-density EEG recordings, we show that 4- to 6-month-old infants display both quantitative and qualitative response immaturities for relative disparity information. Relative disparity responses are adult-like no later than 4-7 years of age.

show abstract

Section: Relationship To Previous Studies Of the Development Of Sterementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Relative Disparity Sensitivity in Human Visual Cortex

2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Binocular cues to MID include interocular velocity differences (IOVD) and changing disparity (CD; Allen, Haun, Hanley, Green, & Rokers, 2015; Beverley & Regan, 1973; Brooks, 2002; Cumming & Parker, 1994; Czuba, Rokers, Huk, & Cormack, 2012; Joo, Czuba, Cormack, & Huk, 2016; Lages & Heron, 2010; Nefs, O'Hare, & Harris, 2010; Norcia & Gerhard, 2015). Previous work revealed considerable variability in binocular MID cue sensitivity across the visual field of individual observers (Barendregt, Dumoulin, & Rokers, 2014; Hong & Regan, 1989; Richards & Regan, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of binocular and monocular cues to motion-in-depth perception

Thompson

Rokers

et al. 2019

Journal of Vision

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intercepting and avoiding moving objects requires accurate motion-in-depth (MID) perception. Such motion can be estimated based on both binocular and monocular cues. Because previous studies largely characterized sensitivity to these cues individually, their relative contributions to MID perception remain unclear. Here we measured sensitivity to binocular, monocular, and combined cue MID stimuli using a motion coherence paradigm. We first confirmed prior reports of substantial variability in binocular MID cue sensitivity across the visual field. The stimuli were matched for eccentricity and speed, suggesting that this variability has a neural basis. Second, we determined that monocular MID cue sensitivity also varied considerably across the visual field. A major component of this variability was geometric: An MID stimulus produces the largest motion signals in the eye contralateral to its visual field location. This resulted in better monocular discrimination performance when the contralateral rather than ipsilateral eye was stimulated. Third, we found that monocular cue sensitivity generally exceeded, and was independent of, binocular cue sensitivity. Finally, contralateral monocular cue sensitivity was found to be a strong predictor of combined cue sensitivity. These results reveal distinct factors constraining the contributions of binocular and monocular cues to three-dimensional motion perception.

show abstract

“…Prior work in the developing human visual system using VEPs has shown that while responsiveness to absolute disparity is robust by 4–6 months of age 34 , relative disparity processing mechanisms are strikingly immature at this age 35 . Moreover, both human and non-human primate motion processing mechanisms are immature during infancy and depend on the presence of normal eye alignment during early development, implicating specifically binocular motion processing mechanisms 36 – 40 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Revisiting the functional significance of binocular cues for perceiving motion-in-depth

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Binocular differencing of spatial cues required for perceiving depth relationships is associated with decreased sensitivity to the corresponding retinal image displacements. However, binocular summation of contrast signals increases sensitivity. Here, we investigated this divergence in sensitivity by making direct neural measurements of responses to suprathreshold motion in human adults and 5-month-old infants using steady-state visually evoked potentials. Interocular differences in retinal image motion generated suppressed response functions and correspondingly elevated perceptual thresholds compared to motion matched between the two eyes. This suppression was of equal strength for horizontal and vertical motion and therefore not specific to the perception of motion-in-depth. Suppression is strongly dependent on the presence of spatial references in the image and highly immature in infants. Suppression appears to be the manifestation of a succession of spatial and interocular opponency operations that occur at an intermediate processing stage either before or in parallel with the extraction of motion-in-depth.

show abstract

Development of Three-Dimensional Perception in Human Infants

Cited by 20 publications

References 149 publications

Development of Relative Disparity Sensitivity in Human Visual Cortex

Development of Relative Disparity Sensitivity in Human Visual Cortex

Contributions of binocular and monocular cues to motion-in-depth perception

Revisiting the functional significance of binocular cues for perceiving motion-in-depth

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About